diff --git a/astrbot/core/computer/computer_client.py b/astrbot/core/computer/computer_client.py
index fed81ab22..bf698b941 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/computer/computer_client.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/computer/computer_client.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-import os
+import json
 import shutil
 import uuid
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from astrbot.api import logger
-from astrbot.core.skills.skill_manager import SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT
+from astrbot.core.skills.skill_manager import SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT, SkillManager
 from astrbot.core.star.context import Context
 from astrbot.core.utils.astrbot_path import (
     get_astrbot_skills_path,
@@ -16,49 +16,225 @@ from .booters.local import LocalBooter
 
 session_booter: dict[str, ComputerBooter] = {}
 local_booter: ComputerBooter | None = None
+_MANAGED_SKILLS_FILE = ".astrbot_managed_skills.json"
+
+
+def _list_local_skill_dirs(skills_root: Path) -> list[Path]:
+    skills: list[Path] = []
+    for entry in sorted(skills_root.iterdir()):
+        if not entry.is_dir():
+            continue
+        skill_md = entry / "SKILL.md"
+        if skill_md.exists():
+            skills.append(entry)
+    return skills
+
+
+def _build_sync_and_scan_command() -> str:
+    script = f"""
+import json
+import shutil
+import zipfile
+from pathlib import Path
+
+root = Path({SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT!r})
+zip_path = root / "skills.zip"
+tmp_extract = Path(f"{{root}}_tmp_extract")
+managed_file = root / {_MANAGED_SKILLS_FILE!r}
+
+
+def parse_description(text: str) -> str:
+    if not text.startswith("---"):
+        return ""
+    lines = text.splitlines()
+    if not lines or lines[0].strip() != "---":
+        return ""
+    end_idx = None
+    for i in range(1, len(lines)):
+        if lines[i].strip() == "---":
+            end_idx = i
+            break
+    if end_idx is None:
+        return ""
+    for line in lines[1:end_idx]:
+        if ":" not in line:
+            continue
+        key, value = line.split(":", 1)
+        if key.strip().lower() == "description":
+            return value.strip().strip('"').strip("'")
+    return ""
+
+
+def remove_tree(path: Path) -> None:
+    if not path.exists():
+        return
+    if path.is_dir():
+        shutil.rmtree(path, ignore_errors=True)
+    else:
+        path.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+
+def load_managed_skills() -> list[str]:
+    if not managed_file.exists():
+        return []
+    try:
+        payload = json.loads(managed_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+    except Exception:
+        return []
+    if not isinstance(payload, dict):
+        return []
+    items = payload.get("managed_skills", [])
+    if not isinstance(items, list):
+        return []
+    result: list[str] = []
+    for item in items:
+        if isinstance(item, str) and item.strip():
+            result.append(item.strip())
+    return result
+
+
+def collect_skills() -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+    skills: list[dict[str, str]] = []
+    if not root.exists():
+        return skills
+    for skill_dir in sorted(root.iterdir()):
+        if not skill_dir.is_dir():
+            continue
+        skill_md = skill_dir / "SKILL.md"
+        if not skill_md.is_file():
+            continue
+        description = ""
+        try:
+            text = skill_md.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+            description = parse_description(text)
+        except Exception:
+            description = ""
+        skills.append(
+            {{
+                "name": skill_dir.name,
+                "description": description,
+                "path": f"{SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT}/{{skill_dir.name}}/SKILL.md",
+            }}
+        )
+    return skills
+
+
+root.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+for managed_name in load_managed_skills():
+    remove_tree(root / managed_name)
+
+current_managed: list[str] = []
+if zip_path.exists():
+    remove_tree(tmp_extract)
+    tmp_extract.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_path) as zf:
+        zf.extractall(tmp_extract)
+    for entry in sorted(tmp_extract.iterdir()):
+        if not entry.is_dir():
+            continue
+        target = root / entry.name
+        remove_tree(target)
+        shutil.copytree(entry, target)
+        current_managed.append(entry.name)
+
+remove_tree(tmp_extract)
+remove_tree(zip_path)
+managed_file.write_text(
+    json.dumps({{"managed_skills": current_managed}}, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2),
+    encoding="utf-8",
+)
+print(
+    json.dumps(
+        {{
+            "managed_skills": current_managed,
+            "skills": collect_skills(),
+        }},
+        ensure_ascii=False,
+    )
+)
+""".strip()
+    return (
+        "if command -v python3 >/dev/null 2>&1; then PYBIN=python3; "
+        "elif command -v python >/dev/null 2>&1; then PYBIN=python; "
+        "else echo 'python not found in sandbox' >&2; exit 127; fi; "
+        "$PYBIN - <<'PY'\n"
+        f"{script}\n"
+        "PY"
+    )
+
+
+def _shell_exec_succeeded(result: dict) -> bool:
+    if "success" in result:
+        return bool(result.get("success"))
+    exit_code = result.get("exit_code")
+    return exit_code in (0, None)
+
+
+def _decode_sync_payload(stdout: str) -> dict | None:
+    text = stdout.strip()
+    if not text:
+        return None
+    candidates = [text]
+    candidates.extend([line.strip() for line in text.splitlines() if line.strip()])
+    for candidate in reversed(candidates):
+        try:
+            payload = json.loads(candidate)
+        except Exception:
+            continue
+        if isinstance(payload, dict):
+            return payload
+    return None
+
+
+def _update_sandbox_skills_cache(payload: dict | None) -> None:
+    if not isinstance(payload, dict):
+        return
+    skills = payload.get("skills", [])
+    if not isinstance(skills, list):
+        return
+    SkillManager().set_sandbox_skills_cache(skills)
 
 
 async def _sync_skills_to_sandbox(booter: ComputerBooter) -> None:
-    skills_root = get_astrbot_skills_path()
-    if not os.path.isdir(skills_root):
-        return
-    if not any(Path(skills_root).iterdir()):
+    skills_root = Path(get_astrbot_skills_path())
+    if not skills_root.is_dir():
         return
+    local_skill_dirs = _list_local_skill_dirs(skills_root)
 
-    temp_dir = get_astrbot_temp_path()
-    os.makedirs(temp_dir, exist_ok=True)
-    zip_base = os.path.join(temp_dir, "skills_bundle")
-    zip_path = f"{zip_base}.zip"
+    temp_dir = Path(get_astrbot_temp_path())
+    temp_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    zip_base = temp_dir / "skills_bundle"
+    zip_path = zip_base.with_suffix(".zip")
 
     try:
-        if os.path.exists(zip_path):
-            os.remove(zip_path)
-        shutil.make_archive(zip_base, "zip", skills_root)
-        remote_zip = Path(SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT) / "skills.zip"
-        logger.info("Uploading skills bundle to sandbox...")
-        await booter.shell.exec(f"mkdir -p {SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT}")
-        upload_result = await booter.upload_file(zip_path, str(remote_zip))
-        if not upload_result.get("success", False):
-            raise RuntimeError("Failed to upload skills bundle to sandbox.")
-        # Extract into a temp folder first, then replace skills atomically.
-        tmp_extract_root = f"{SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT}_tmp_extract"
-        await booter.shell.exec(
-            f"mkdir -p {SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT} {tmp_extract_root} && "
-            f"rm -rf {tmp_extract_root}/* && "
-            f"(unzip -o {remote_zip} -d {tmp_extract_root} || "
-            f"python3 -c \"import zipfile; z=zipfile.ZipFile('{remote_zip}'); "
-            f"z.extractall('{tmp_extract_root}')\" || "
-            f"python -c \"import zipfile; z=zipfile.ZipFile('{remote_zip}'); "
-            f"z.extractall('{tmp_extract_root}')\") && "
-            f"find {SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT} -mindepth 1 -delete && "
-            f"cp -a {tmp_extract_root}/. {SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT}/ && "
-            f"rm -rf {tmp_extract_root} && "
-            f"rm -f {remote_zip}"
-        )
+        if local_skill_dirs:
+            if zip_path.exists():
+                zip_path.unlink()
+            shutil.make_archive(str(zip_base), "zip", str(skills_root))
+            remote_zip = Path(SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT) / "skills.zip"
+            logger.info("Uploading skills bundle to sandbox...")
+            await booter.shell.exec(f"mkdir -p {SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT}")
+            upload_result = await booter.upload_file(str(zip_path), str(remote_zip))
+            if not upload_result.get("success", False):
+                raise RuntimeError("Failed to upload skills bundle to sandbox.")
+        else:
+            logger.info(
+                "No local skills found. Keeping sandbox built-ins and refreshing metadata."
+            )
+            await booter.shell.exec(f"rm -f {SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT}/skills.zip")
+
+        sync_result = await booter.shell.exec(_build_sync_and_scan_command())
+        if not _shell_exec_succeeded(sync_result):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Failed to apply sandbox skill sync strategy: "
+                f"stderr={sync_result.get('stderr', '')}"
+            )
+        payload = _decode_sync_payload(str(sync_result.get("stdout", "") or ""))
+        _update_sandbox_skills_cache(payload)
     finally:
-        if os.path.exists(zip_path):
+        if zip_path.exists():
             try:
-                os.remove(zip_path)
+                zip_path.unlink()
             except Exception:
                 logger.warning(f"Failed to remove temp skills zip: {zip_path}")
 
diff --git a/astrbot/core/skills/skill_manager.py b/astrbot/core/skills/skill_manager.py
index 1e6f01a6d..fab38d1d1 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/skills/skill_manager.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/skills/skill_manager.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import shutil
 import tempfile
 import zipfile
 from dataclasses import dataclass
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from pathlib import Path, PurePosixPath
 
 from astrbot.core.utils.astrbot_path import (
@@ -16,9 +17,11 @@ from astrbot.core.utils.astrbot_path import (
 )
 
 SKILLS_CONFIG_FILENAME = "skills.json"
+SANDBOX_SKILLS_CACHE_FILENAME = "sandbox_skills_cache.json"
 DEFAULT_SKILLS_CONFIG: dict[str, dict] = {"skills": {}}
 # SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT = "/home/shared/skills"
 SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT = "skills"
+_SANDBOX_SKILLS_CACHE_VERSION = 1
 
 _SKILL_NAME_RE = re.compile(r"^[A-Za-z0-9._-]+$")
 
@@ -91,7 +94,9 @@ def build_skills_prompt(skills: list[SkillInfo]) -> str:
 class SkillManager:
     def __init__(self, skills_root: str | None = None) -> None:
         self.skills_root = skills_root or get_astrbot_skills_path()
-        self.config_path = os.path.join(get_astrbot_data_path(), SKILLS_CONFIG_FILENAME)
+        data_path = Path(get_astrbot_data_path())
+        self.config_path = str(data_path / SKILLS_CONFIG_FILENAME)
+        self.sandbox_skills_cache_path = str(data_path / SANDBOX_SKILLS_CACHE_FILENAME)
         os.makedirs(self.skills_root, exist_ok=True)
         os.makedirs(get_astrbot_temp_path(), exist_ok=True)
 
@@ -109,6 +114,54 @@ class SkillManager:
         with open(self.config_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             json.dump(config, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=4)
 
+    def _load_sandbox_skills_cache(self) -> dict:
+        if not os.path.exists(self.sandbox_skills_cache_path):
+            return {"version": _SANDBOX_SKILLS_CACHE_VERSION, "skills": []}
+        try:
+            with open(self.sandbox_skills_cache_path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                data = json.load(f)
+            if not isinstance(data, dict):
+                return {"version": _SANDBOX_SKILLS_CACHE_VERSION, "skills": []}
+            skills = data.get("skills", [])
+            if not isinstance(skills, list):
+                skills = []
+            return {
+                "version": int(data.get("version", _SANDBOX_SKILLS_CACHE_VERSION)),
+                "skills": skills,
+            }
+        except Exception:
+            return {"version": _SANDBOX_SKILLS_CACHE_VERSION, "skills": []}
+
+    def _save_sandbox_skills_cache(self, cache: dict) -> None:
+        cache["version"] = _SANDBOX_SKILLS_CACHE_VERSION
+        cache["updated_at"] = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+        with open(self.sandbox_skills_cache_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            json.dump(cache, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)
+
+    def set_sandbox_skills_cache(self, skills: list[dict]) -> None:
+        """Persist sandbox skill metadata discovered from runtime side."""
+        deduped: dict[str, dict[str, str]] = {}
+        for item in skills:
+            if not isinstance(item, dict):
+                continue
+            name = str(item.get("name", "")).strip()
+            if not name or not _SKILL_NAME_RE.match(name):
+                continue
+            description = str(item.get("description", "") or "")
+            path = str(item.get("path", "") or "")
+            if not path:
+                path = f"{SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT}/{name}/SKILL.md"
+            deduped[name] = {
+                "name": name,
+                "description": description,
+                "path": path.replace("\\", "/"),
+            }
+        cache = {
+            "version": _SANDBOX_SKILLS_CACHE_VERSION,
+            "skills": [deduped[name] for name in sorted(deduped)],
+        }
+        self._save_sandbox_skills_cache(cache)
+
     def list_skills(
         self,
         *,
@@ -125,7 +178,7 @@ class SkillManager:
         config = self._load_config()
         skill_configs = config.get("skills", {})
         modified = False
-        skills: list[SkillInfo] = []
+        skills_by_name: dict[str, SkillInfo] = {}
 
         for entry in sorted(Path(self.skills_root).iterdir()):
             if not entry.is_dir():
@@ -151,20 +204,50 @@ class SkillManager:
             else:
                 path_str = str(skill_md)
             path_str = path_str.replace("\\", "/")
-            skills.append(
-                SkillInfo(
+            skills_by_name[skill_name] = SkillInfo(
+                name=skill_name,
+                description=description,
+                path=path_str,
+                active=active,
+            )
+
+        if runtime == "sandbox":
+            cache = self._load_sandbox_skills_cache()
+            for item in cache.get("skills", []):
+                if not isinstance(item, dict):
+                    continue
+                skill_name = str(item.get("name", "")).strip()
+                if (
+                    not skill_name
+                    or skill_name in skills_by_name
+                    or not _SKILL_NAME_RE.match(skill_name)
+                ):
+                    continue
+                active = skill_configs.get(skill_name, {}).get("active", True)
+                if skill_name not in skill_configs:
+                    skill_configs[skill_name] = {"active": active}
+                    modified = True
+                if active_only and not active:
+                    continue
+                description = str(item.get("description", "") or "")
+                if show_sandbox_path:
+                    path_str = f"{SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT}/{skill_name}/SKILL.md"
+                else:
+                    path_str = str(item.get("path", "") or "")
+                    if not path_str:
+                        path_str = f"{SANDBOX_SKILLS_ROOT}/{skill_name}/SKILL.md"
+                skills_by_name[skill_name] = SkillInfo(
                     name=skill_name,
                     description=description,
-                    path=path_str,
+                    path=path_str.replace("\\", "/"),
                     active=active,
                 )
-            )
 
         if modified:
             config["skills"] = skill_configs
             self._save_config(config)
 
-        return skills
+        return [skills_by_name[name] for name in sorted(skills_by_name)]
 
     def set_skill_active(self, name: str, active: bool) -> None:
         config = self._load_config()
diff --git a/astrbot/dashboard/routes/skills.py b/astrbot/dashboard/routes/skills.py
index 9c58a4a7e..327cc6f41 100644
--- a/astrbot/dashboard/routes/skills.py
+++ b/astrbot/dashboard/routes/skills.py
@@ -116,6 +116,11 @@ class SkillsRoute(Route):
             skill_mgr = SkillManager()
             skill_name = skill_mgr.install_skill_from_zip(temp_path, overwrite=True)
 
+            try:
+                await sync_skills_to_active_sandboxes()
+            except Exception:
+                logger.warning("Failed to sync uploaded skills to active sandboxes.")
+
             return (
                 Response()
                 .ok({"name": skill_name}, "Skill uploaded successfully.")
@@ -163,6 +168,10 @@ class SkillsRoute(Route):
             if not name:
                 return Response().error("Missing skill name").__dict__
             SkillManager().delete_skill(name)
+            try:
+                await sync_skills_to_active_sandboxes()
+            except Exception:
+                logger.warning("Failed to sync deleted skills to active sandboxes.")
             return Response().ok({"name": name}).__dict__
         except Exception as e:
             logger.error(traceback.format_exc())
diff --git a/tests/test_computer_skill_sync.py b/tests/test_computer_skill_sync.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..777cd44fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_computer_skill_sync.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from astrbot.core.computer import computer_client
+
+
+class _FakeShell:
+    def __init__(self, sync_payload_json: str):
+        self.sync_payload_json = sync_payload_json
+        self.commands: list[str] = []
+
+    async def exec(self, command: str, **kwargs):
+        _ = kwargs
+        self.commands.append(command)
+        if "PYBIN" in command and "managed_skills" in command:
+            return {
+                "success": True,
+                "stdout": self.sync_payload_json,
+                "stderr": "",
+                "exit_code": 0,
+            }
+        return {"success": True, "stdout": "", "stderr": "", "exit_code": 0}
+
+
+class _FakeBooter:
+    def __init__(self, sync_payload_json: str):
+        self.shell = _FakeShell(sync_payload_json)
+        self.uploads: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+
+    async def upload_file(self, path: str, file_name: str) -> dict:
+        self.uploads.append((path, file_name))
+        return {"success": True}
+
+
+def test_sync_skills_keeps_builtin_skills_when_local_is_empty(monkeypatch, tmp_path: Path):
+    skills_root = tmp_path / "skills"
+    temp_root = tmp_path / "temp"
+    skills_root.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    temp_root.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    captured = {"skills": None}
+
+    def _fake_set_cache(self, skills):
+        captured["skills"] = skills
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "astrbot.core.computer.computer_client.get_astrbot_skills_path",
+        lambda: str(skills_root),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "astrbot.core.computer.computer_client.get_astrbot_temp_path",
+        lambda: str(temp_root),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "astrbot.core.computer.computer_client.SkillManager.set_sandbox_skills_cache",
+        _fake_set_cache,
+    )
+
+    booter = _FakeBooter(
+        '{"skills":[{"name":"python-sandbox","description":"ship","path":"skills/python-sandbox/SKILL.md"}]}'
+    )
+    asyncio.run(computer_client._sync_skills_to_sandbox(booter))
+
+    assert booter.uploads == []
+    assert any(cmd == "rm -f skills/skills.zip" for cmd in booter.shell.commands)
+    assert captured["skills"] == [
+        {
+            "name": "python-sandbox",
+            "description": "ship",
+            "path": "skills/python-sandbox/SKILL.md",
+        }
+    ]
+
+
+def test_sync_skills_uses_managed_strategy_instead_of_wiping_all(
+    monkeypatch,
+    tmp_path: Path,
+):
+    skills_root = tmp_path / "skills"
+    temp_root = tmp_path / "temp"
+    skill_dir = skills_root / "custom-agent-skill"
+    skill_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    skill_dir.joinpath("SKILL.md").write_text("# demo", encoding="utf-8")
+    temp_root.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    captured = {"skills": None}
+
+    def _fake_set_cache(self, skills):
+        captured["skills"] = skills
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "astrbot.core.computer.computer_client.get_astrbot_skills_path",
+        lambda: str(skills_root),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "astrbot.core.computer.computer_client.get_astrbot_temp_path",
+        lambda: str(temp_root),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "astrbot.core.computer.computer_client.SkillManager.set_sandbox_skills_cache",
+        _fake_set_cache,
+    )
+
+    booter = _FakeBooter(
+        '{"skills":[{"name":"custom-agent-skill","description":"","path":"skills/custom-agent-skill/SKILL.md"}]}'
+    )
+    asyncio.run(computer_client._sync_skills_to_sandbox(booter))
+
+    assert len(booter.uploads) == 1
+    assert booter.uploads[0][1] == "skills/skills.zip"
+    assert not any(
+        "find skills -mindepth 1 -delete" in cmd for cmd in booter.shell.commands
+    )
+    assert captured["skills"] == [
+        {
+            "name": "custom-agent-skill",
+            "description": "",
+            "path": "skills/custom-agent-skill/SKILL.md",
+        }
+    ]
+
diff --git a/tests/test_skill_manager_sandbox_cache.py b/tests/test_skill_manager_sandbox_cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..88923ec10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_skill_manager_sandbox_cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from astrbot.core.skills.skill_manager import SkillManager
+
+
+def _write_skill(root: Path, name: str, description: str) -> None:
+    skill_dir = root / name
+    skill_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    skill_dir.joinpath("SKILL.md").write_text(
+        f"---\ndescription: {description}\n---\n# {name}\n",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+
+
+def test_list_skills_merges_local_and_sandbox_cache(monkeypatch, tmp_path: Path):
+    data_dir = tmp_path / "data"
+    temp_dir = tmp_path / "temp"
+    skills_root = tmp_path / "skills"
+    data_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    temp_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    skills_root.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "astrbot.core.skills.skill_manager.get_astrbot_data_path",
+        lambda: str(data_dir),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "astrbot.core.skills.skill_manager.get_astrbot_temp_path",
+        lambda: str(temp_dir),
+    )
+
+    mgr = SkillManager(skills_root=str(skills_root))
+    _write_skill(skills_root, "custom-local", "local description")
+
+    mgr.set_sandbox_skills_cache(
+        [
+            {
+                "name": "python-sandbox",
+                "description": "ship built-in",
+                "path": "/app/skills/python-sandbox/SKILL.md",
+            },
+            {
+                "name": "custom-local",
+                "description": "should be ignored by local override",
+                "path": "skills/custom-local/SKILL.md",
+            },
+        ]
+    )
+
+    skills = mgr.list_skills(runtime="sandbox")
+    by_name = {item.name: item for item in skills}
+
+    assert sorted(by_name) == ["custom-local", "python-sandbox"]
+    assert by_name["custom-local"].description == "local description"
+    assert by_name["custom-local"].path == "skills/custom-local/SKILL.md"
+    assert by_name["python-sandbox"].description == "ship built-in"
+    assert by_name["python-sandbox"].path == "skills/python-sandbox/SKILL.md"
+
+
+def test_sandbox_cached_skill_respects_active_and_display_path(
+    monkeypatch,
+    tmp_path: Path,
+):
+    data_dir = tmp_path / "data"
+    temp_dir = tmp_path / "temp"
+    skills_root = tmp_path / "skills"
+    data_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    temp_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    skills_root.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "astrbot.core.skills.skill_manager.get_astrbot_data_path",
+        lambda: str(data_dir),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "astrbot.core.skills.skill_manager.get_astrbot_temp_path",
+        lambda: str(temp_dir),
+    )
+
+    mgr = SkillManager(skills_root=str(skills_root))
+    mgr.set_sandbox_skills_cache(
+        [
+            {
+                "name": "browser-automation",
+                "description": "gull built-in",
+                "path": "/app/skills/browser-automation/SKILL.md",
+            }
+        ]
+    )
+
+    all_skills = mgr.list_skills(
+        runtime="sandbox",
+        active_only=False,
+        show_sandbox_path=False,
+    )
+    assert len(all_skills) == 1
+    assert all_skills[0].path == "/app/skills/browser-automation/SKILL.md"
+
+    mgr.set_skill_active("browser-automation", False)
+    active_skills = mgr.list_skills(runtime="sandbox", active_only=True)
+    assert active_skills == []
+