feat: migrate store layer to GORM with PostgreSQL support

- Migrate all store packages from raw database/sql to GORM ORM
- Add PostgreSQL support alongside SQLite
- Move EncryptedString type to crypto package for cleaner architecture
- Add automatic encryption/decryption for sensitive fields (API keys, secrets)
- Fix PostgreSQL AutoMigrate conflicts by skipping existing tables
- Fix duplicate /klines route registration
- Update tests to use GORM database connections
- Add database configuration support in config package

.env.example

@@ -55,3 +55,16 @@ TRANSPORT_ENCRYPTION=false
 # Telegram notifications (optional)
 # TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN=your-bot-token
 # TELEGRAM_CHAT_ID=your-chat-id
+
+DB_TYPE=postgres
+DB_HOST=10.
+DB_PORT=5432
+DB_USER=nofx_user
+DB_PASSWORD=
+DB_NAME=nofx
+DB_SSLMODE=disable
+
+
+# 数据库配置 - SQLite（默认）
+DB_TYPE=sqlite
+DB_PATH=data/data.db

api/backtest.go

@@ -824,7 +824,7 @@ func (s *Server) hydrateBacktestAIConfig(cfg *backtest.BacktestConfig) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("AI model %s is not enabled yet", model.Name)
 	}
 
-	apiKey := strings.TrimSpace(model.APIKey)
+	apiKey := strings.TrimSpace(string(model.APIKey))
 	if apiKey == "" {
 		return fmt.Errorf("AI model %s is missing API Key, please configure it in the system first", model.Name)
 	}

api/server.go

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func NewServer(traderManager *manager.TraderManager, st *store.Store, cryptoServ
 	cryptoHandler := NewCryptoHandler(cryptoService)
 
 	// Create debate store and handler
-	debateStore := store.NewDebateStore(st.DB())
+	debateStore := store.NewDebateStore(st.GormDB())
 	if err := debateStore.InitSchema(); err != nil {
 		logger.Errorf("Failed to initialize debate schema: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -125,7 +125,6 @@ func (s *Server) setupRoutes() {
 
 		// Market data (no authentication required)
 		api.GET("/klines", s.handleKlines)
-		api.GET("/klines", s.handleKlines)
 		api.GET("/symbols", s.handleSymbols)
 
 		// Authentication related routes (no authentication required)
@@ -576,12 +575,13 @@ func (s *Server) handleCreateTrader(c *gin.Context) {
 		var createErr error
 
 		// Use ExchangeType (e.g., "binance") instead of ID (UUID)
+		// Convert EncryptedString fields to string
 		switch exchangeCfg.ExchangeType {
 		case "binance":
-			tempTrader = trader.NewFuturesTrader(exchangeCfg.APIKey, exchangeCfg.SecretKey, userID)
+			tempTrader = trader.NewFuturesTrader(string(exchangeCfg.APIKey), string(exchangeCfg.SecretKey), userID)
 		case "hyperliquid":
 			tempTrader, createErr = trader.NewHyperliquidTrader(
-				exchangeCfg.APIKey, // private key
+				string(exchangeCfg.APIKey), // private key
 				exchangeCfg.HyperliquidWalletAddr,
 				exchangeCfg.Testnet,
 			)
@@ -589,31 +589,31 @@ func (s *Server) handleCreateTrader(c *gin.Context) {
 			tempTrader, createErr = trader.NewAsterTrader(
 				exchangeCfg.AsterUser,
 				exchangeCfg.AsterSigner,
-				exchangeCfg.AsterPrivateKey,
+				string(exchangeCfg.AsterPrivateKey),
 			)
 		case "bybit":
 			tempTrader = trader.NewBybitTrader(
-				exchangeCfg.APIKey,
+				string(exchangeCfg.APIKey),
-				exchangeCfg.SecretKey,
+				string(exchangeCfg.SecretKey),
 			)
 		case "okx":
 			tempTrader = trader.NewOKXTrader(
-				exchangeCfg.APIKey,
+				string(exchangeCfg.APIKey),
-				exchangeCfg.SecretKey,
+				string(exchangeCfg.SecretKey),
-				exchangeCfg.Passphrase,
+				string(exchangeCfg.Passphrase),
 			)
 		case "bitget":
 			tempTrader = trader.NewBitgetTrader(
-				exchangeCfg.APIKey,
+				string(exchangeCfg.APIKey),
-				exchangeCfg.SecretKey,
+				string(exchangeCfg.SecretKey),
-				exchangeCfg.Passphrase,
+				string(exchangeCfg.Passphrase),
 			)
 		case "lighter":
-			if exchangeCfg.LighterWalletAddr != "" && exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey != "" {
+			if exchangeCfg.LighterWalletAddr != "" && string(exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey) != "" {
 				// Lighter only supports mainnet
 				tempTrader, createErr = trader.NewLighterTraderV2(
 					exchangeCfg.LighterWalletAddr,
-					exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey,
+					string(exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey),
 					exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyIndex,
 					false, // Always use mainnet for Lighter
 				)
@@ -1095,12 +1095,13 @@ func (s *Server) handleSyncBalance(c *gin.Context) {
 	var createErr error
 
 	// Use ExchangeType (e.g., "binance") instead of ExchangeID (which is now UUID)
+	// Convert EncryptedString fields to string
 	switch exchangeCfg.ExchangeType {
 	case "binance":
-		tempTrader = trader.NewFuturesTrader(exchangeCfg.APIKey, exchangeCfg.SecretKey, userID)
+		tempTrader = trader.NewFuturesTrader(string(exchangeCfg.APIKey), string(exchangeCfg.SecretKey), userID)
 	case "hyperliquid":
 		tempTrader, createErr = trader.NewHyperliquidTrader(
-			exchangeCfg.APIKey,
+			string(exchangeCfg.APIKey),
 			exchangeCfg.HyperliquidWalletAddr,
 			exchangeCfg.Testnet,
 		)
@@ -1108,31 +1109,31 @@ func (s *Server) handleSyncBalance(c *gin.Context) {
 		tempTrader, createErr = trader.NewAsterTrader(
 			exchangeCfg.AsterUser,
 			exchangeCfg.AsterSigner,
-			exchangeCfg.AsterPrivateKey,
+			string(exchangeCfg.AsterPrivateKey),
 		)
 	case "bybit":
 		tempTrader = trader.NewBybitTrader(
-			exchangeCfg.APIKey,
+			string(exchangeCfg.APIKey),
-			exchangeCfg.SecretKey,
+			string(exchangeCfg.SecretKey),
 		)
 	case "okx":
 		tempTrader = trader.NewOKXTrader(
-			exchangeCfg.APIKey,
+			string(exchangeCfg.APIKey),
-			exchangeCfg.SecretKey,
+			string(exchangeCfg.SecretKey),
-			exchangeCfg.Passphrase,
+			string(exchangeCfg.Passphrase),
 		)
 	case "bitget":
 		tempTrader = trader.NewBitgetTrader(
-			exchangeCfg.APIKey,
+			string(exchangeCfg.APIKey),
-			exchangeCfg.SecretKey,
+			string(exchangeCfg.SecretKey),
-			exchangeCfg.Passphrase,
+			string(exchangeCfg.Passphrase),
 		)
 	case "lighter":
-		if exchangeCfg.LighterWalletAddr != "" && exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey != "" {
+		if exchangeCfg.LighterWalletAddr != "" && string(exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey) != "" {
 			// Lighter only supports mainnet
 			tempTrader, createErr = trader.NewLighterTraderV2(
 				exchangeCfg.LighterWalletAddr,
-				exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey,
+				string(exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey),
 				exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyIndex,
 				false, // Always use mainnet for Lighter
 			)
@@ -1246,12 +1247,13 @@ func (s *Server) handleClosePosition(c *gin.Context) {
 	var createErr error
 
 	// Use ExchangeType (e.g., "binance") instead of ExchangeID (which is now UUID)
+	// Convert EncryptedString fields to string
 	switch exchangeCfg.ExchangeType {
 	case "binance":
-		tempTrader = trader.NewFuturesTrader(exchangeCfg.APIKey, exchangeCfg.SecretKey, userID)
+		tempTrader = trader.NewFuturesTrader(string(exchangeCfg.APIKey), string(exchangeCfg.SecretKey), userID)
 	case "hyperliquid":
 		tempTrader, createErr = trader.NewHyperliquidTrader(
-			exchangeCfg.APIKey,
+			string(exchangeCfg.APIKey),
 			exchangeCfg.HyperliquidWalletAddr,
 			exchangeCfg.Testnet,
 		)
@@ -1259,31 +1261,31 @@ func (s *Server) handleClosePosition(c *gin.Context) {
 		tempTrader, createErr = trader.NewAsterTrader(
 			exchangeCfg.AsterUser,
 			exchangeCfg.AsterSigner,
-			exchangeCfg.AsterPrivateKey,
+			string(exchangeCfg.AsterPrivateKey),
 		)
 	case "bybit":
 		tempTrader = trader.NewBybitTrader(
-			exchangeCfg.APIKey,
+			string(exchangeCfg.APIKey),
-			exchangeCfg.SecretKey,
+			string(exchangeCfg.SecretKey),
 		)
 	case "okx":
 		tempTrader = trader.NewOKXTrader(
-			exchangeCfg.APIKey,
+			string(exchangeCfg.APIKey),
-			exchangeCfg.SecretKey,
+			string(exchangeCfg.SecretKey),
-			exchangeCfg.Passphrase,
+			string(exchangeCfg.Passphrase),
 		)
 	case "bitget":
 		tempTrader = trader.NewBitgetTrader(
-			exchangeCfg.APIKey,
+			string(exchangeCfg.APIKey),
-			exchangeCfg.SecretKey,
+			string(exchangeCfg.SecretKey),
-			exchangeCfg.Passphrase,
+			string(exchangeCfg.Passphrase),
 		)
 	case "lighter":
-		if exchangeCfg.LighterWalletAddr != "" && exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey != "" {
+		if exchangeCfg.LighterWalletAddr != "" && string(exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey) != "" {
 			// Lighter only supports mainnet
 			tempTrader, createErr = trader.NewLighterTraderV2(
 				exchangeCfg.LighterWalletAddr,
-				exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey,
+				string(exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey),
 				exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyIndex,
 				false, // Always use mainnet for Lighter
 			)

api/strategy.go

@@ -549,32 +549,34 @@ func (s *Server) runRealAITest(userID, modelID, systemPrompt, userPrompt string)
 	var aiClient mcp.AIClient
 	provider := model.Provider
 
+	// Convert EncryptedString to string for API key
+	apiKey := string(model.APIKey)
 	switch provider {
 	case "qwen":
 		aiClient = mcp.NewQwenClient()
-		aiClient.SetAPIKey(model.APIKey, model.CustomAPIURL, model.CustomModelName)
+		aiClient.SetAPIKey(apiKey, model.CustomAPIURL, model.CustomModelName)
 	case "deepseek":
 		aiClient = mcp.NewDeepSeekClient()
-		aiClient.SetAPIKey(model.APIKey, model.CustomAPIURL, model.CustomModelName)
+		aiClient.SetAPIKey(apiKey, model.CustomAPIURL, model.CustomModelName)
 	case "claude":
 		aiClient = mcp.NewClaudeClient()
-		aiClient.SetAPIKey(model.APIKey, model.CustomAPIURL, model.CustomModelName)
+		aiClient.SetAPIKey(apiKey, model.CustomAPIURL, model.CustomModelName)
 	case "kimi":
 		aiClient = mcp.NewKimiClient()
-		aiClient.SetAPIKey(model.APIKey, model.CustomAPIURL, model.CustomModelName)
+		aiClient.SetAPIKey(apiKey, model.CustomAPIURL, model.CustomModelName)
 	case "gemini":
 		aiClient = mcp.NewGeminiClient()
-		aiClient.SetAPIKey(model.APIKey, model.CustomAPIURL, model.CustomModelName)
+		aiClient.SetAPIKey(apiKey, model.CustomAPIURL, model.CustomModelName)
 	case "grok":
 		aiClient = mcp.NewGrokClient()
-		aiClient.SetAPIKey(model.APIKey, model.CustomAPIURL, model.CustomModelName)
+		aiClient.SetAPIKey(apiKey, model.CustomAPIURL, model.CustomModelName)
 	case "openai":
 		aiClient = mcp.NewOpenAIClient()
-		aiClient.SetAPIKey(model.APIKey, model.CustomAPIURL, model.CustomModelName)
+		aiClient.SetAPIKey(apiKey, model.CustomAPIURL, model.CustomModelName)
 	default:
 		// Use generic client
 		aiClient = mcp.NewClient()
-		aiClient.SetAPIKey(model.APIKey, model.CustomAPIURL, model.CustomModelName)
+		aiClient.SetAPIKey(apiKey, model.CustomAPIURL, model.CustomModelName)
 	}
 
 	// Call AI API

backtest/retention.go

@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ func enforceRetentionDB(maxRuns int) {
 	query := `
 		SELECT run_id FROM backtest_runs
 		WHERE state IN (?, ?, ?, ?)
-		ORDER BY datetime(updated_at) DESC
+		ORDER BY updated_at DESC
-		LIMIT -1 OFFSET ?
+		OFFSET ?
 	`
 	rows, err := persistenceDB.Query(query,
 		finalStates[0], finalStates[1], finalStates[2], finalStates[3], maxRuns)

backtest/storage_db_impl.go

@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ func loadRunMetadataDB(runID string) (*RunMetadata, error) {
 }
 
 func loadRunIDsDB() ([]string, error) {
-	rows, err := persistenceDB.Query(`SELECT run_id FROM backtest_runs ORDER BY datetime(updated_at) DESC`)
+	rows, err := persistenceDB.Query(`SELECT run_id FROM backtest_runs ORDER BY updated_at DESC`)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -278,9 +278,9 @@ func loadDecisionTraceDB(runID string, cycle int) (*store.DecisionRecord, error)
 	var rows *sql.Rows
 	var err error
 	if cycle > 0 {
-		rows, err = persistenceDB.Query(query+` AND cycle = ? ORDER BY datetime(created_at) DESC LIMIT 1`, runID, cycle)
+		rows, err = persistenceDB.Query(query+` AND cycle = ? ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT 1`, runID, cycle)
 	} else {
-		rows, err = persistenceDB.Query(query+` ORDER BY datetime(created_at) DESC LIMIT 1`, runID)
+		rows, err = persistenceDB.Query(query+` ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT 1`, runID)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ func listIndexEntriesDB() ([]RunIndexEntry, error) {
 	rows, err := persistenceDB.Query(`
 		SELECT run_id, state, symbol_count, decision_tf, equity_last, max_drawdown_pct, created_at, updated_at, config_json
 		FROM backtest_runs
-		ORDER BY datetime(updated_at) DESC
+		ORDER BY updated_at DESC
 	`)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err

config/config.go

@@ -20,6 +20,16 @@ type Config struct {
 	RegistrationEnabled bool
 	MaxUsers            int // Maximum number of users allowed (0 = unlimited, default = 10)
 
+	// Database configuration
+	DBType     string // sqlite or postgres
+	DBPath     string // SQLite database file path
+	DBHost     string // PostgreSQL host
+	DBPort     int    // PostgreSQL port
+	DBUser     string // PostgreSQL user
+	DBPassword string // PostgreSQL password
+	DBName     string // PostgreSQL database name
+	DBSSLMode  string // PostgreSQL SSL mode
+
 	// Security configuration
 	// TransportEncryption enables browser-side encryption for API keys
 	// Requires HTTPS or localhost. Set to false for HTTP access via IP.
@@ -43,6 +53,14 @@ func Init() {
 		RegistrationEnabled:   true,
 		MaxUsers:              10,   // Default: 10 users allowed
 		ExperienceImprovement: true, // Default: enabled to help improve the product
+		// Database defaults
+		DBType:    "sqlite",
+		DBPath:    "data/data.db",
+		DBHost:    "localhost",
+		DBPort:    5432,
+		DBUser:    "postgres",
+		DBName:    "nofx",
+		DBSSLMode: "disable",
 	}
 
 	// Load from environment variables
@@ -86,6 +104,34 @@ func Init() {
 	cfg.AlpacaSecretKey = os.Getenv("ALPACA_SECRET_KEY")
 	cfg.TwelveDataKey = os.Getenv("TWELVEDATA_API_KEY")
 
+	// Database configuration
+	if v := os.Getenv("DB_TYPE"); v != "" {
+		cfg.DBType = strings.ToLower(v)
+	}
+	if v := os.Getenv("DB_PATH"); v != "" {
+		cfg.DBPath = v
+	}
+	if v := os.Getenv("DB_HOST"); v != "" {
+		cfg.DBHost = v
+	}
+	if v := os.Getenv("DB_PORT"); v != "" {
+		if port, err := strconv.Atoi(v); err == nil && port > 0 {
+			cfg.DBPort = port
+		}
+	}
+	if v := os.Getenv("DB_USER"); v != "" {
+		cfg.DBUser = v
+	}
+	if v := os.Getenv("DB_PASSWORD"); v != "" {
+		cfg.DBPassword = v
+	}
+	if v := os.Getenv("DB_NAME"); v != "" {
+		cfg.DBName = v
+	}
+	if v := os.Getenv("DB_SSLMODE"); v != "" {
+		cfg.DBSSLMode = v
+	}
+
 	global = cfg
 
 	// Initialize experience improvement (installation ID will be set after database init)

crypto/crypto.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/rsa"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"crypto/x509"
+	"database/sql/driver"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
@@ -392,3 +393,77 @@ func GenerateDataKey() (string, error) {
 	}
 	return base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(key), nil
 }
+
+// ============================================================================
+// EncryptedString - GORM custom type for automatic encryption/decryption
+// ============================================================================
+
+// Global crypto service for EncryptedString
+var globalCryptoService *CryptoService
+
+// SetGlobalCryptoService sets the global crypto service for EncryptedString
+func SetGlobalCryptoService(cs *CryptoService) {
+	globalCryptoService = cs
+}
+
+// EncryptedString is a custom type that automatically encrypts on save and decrypts on load
+// Usage: Use EncryptedString instead of string for sensitive fields in GORM models
+type EncryptedString string
+
+// Scan implements sql.Scanner - called when reading from database
+// Automatically decrypts the value
+func (es *EncryptedString) Scan(value interface{}) error {
+	if value == nil {
+		*es = ""
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var str string
+	switch v := value.(type) {
+	case string:
+		str = v
+	case []byte:
+		str = string(v)
+	default:
+		*es = ""
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Decrypt if crypto service is set
+	if globalCryptoService != nil && str != "" && globalCryptoService.IsEncryptedStorageValue(str) {
+		decrypted, err := globalCryptoService.DecryptFromStorage(str)
+		if err != nil {
+			// If decryption fails, return the original value
+			*es = EncryptedString(str)
+		} else {
+			*es = EncryptedString(decrypted)
+		}
+	} else {
+		*es = EncryptedString(str)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements driver.Valuer - called when writing to database
+// Automatically encrypts the value
+func (es EncryptedString) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if es == "" {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+
+	// Encrypt if crypto service is set
+	if globalCryptoService != nil {
+		encrypted, err := globalCryptoService.EncryptForStorage(string(es))
+		if err != nil {
+			// If encryption fails, return the original value
+			return string(es), nil
+		}
+		return encrypted, nil
+	}
+	return string(es), nil
+}
+
+// String returns the plaintext string value
+func (es EncryptedString) String() string {
+	return string(es)
+}

debate/engine.go

@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ func (e *DebateEngine) InitializeClients(participants []*store.DebateParticipant
 			client = mcp.New()
 		}
 
-		// Configure client
+		// Configure client (convert EncryptedString to string)
-		client.SetAPIKey(aiModel.APIKey, aiModel.CustomAPIURL, aiModel.CustomModelName)
+		client.SetAPIKey(string(aiModel.APIKey), aiModel.CustomAPIURL, aiModel.CustomModelName)
 
 		e.clients[p.AIModelID] = client
 	}

go.mod

@@ -51,6 +51,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.4 // indirect
 	github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.18.0 // indirect
 	github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.3.2 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5 // indirect
 	github.com/josharian/intern v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jpillora/backoff v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 // indirect
@@ -94,6 +100,9 @@ require (
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.36.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.9 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
+	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0 // indirect
+	gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.6.0 // indirect
+	gorm.io/gorm v1.31.1 // indirect
 	howett.net/plist v1.0.1 // indirect
 	modernc.org/libc v1.66.10 // indirect
 	modernc.org/mathutil v1.7.1 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -111,7 +111,19 @@ github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.3 h1:saDtZ6Pbx/0u+bgYQ3q96pZgCzfhKXGPqt7kZ72aN
 github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.3/go.mod h1:YR8l580nyteQvAITg2hZ9XVh4b55+EU/adAjf1fMHhE=
 github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.3.2 h1:a9EgMPSC1AAaj1SZL5zIQD3WbwTuHrMGOerLjGmM/TA=
 github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.3.2/go.mod h1:EOMSn4q6Nyt9P6efbI3bueV4e1b3dGlUCXeiRV4ng7E=
+github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 h1:/6Hmqy13Ss2zCq62VdNG8tM1wchn8zjSGOBJ6icpsIM=
+github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0/go.mod h1:CEx0iS5ambNFdcRtxPj5JhEz+xB6uRky5eyVu/W2HEg=
+github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 h1:iCEnooe7UlwOQYpKFhBabPMi4aNAfoODPEFNiAnClxo=
+github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761/go.mod h1:5TJZWKEWniPve33vlWYSoGYefn3gLQRzjfDlhSJ9ZKM=
+github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.6.0 h1:SWJzexBzPL5jb0GEsrPMLIsi/3jOo7RHlzTjcAeDrPY=
+github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.6.0/go.mod h1:DNZ/vlrUnhWCoFGxHAG8U2ljioxukquj7utPDgtQdTw=
+github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 h1:PR8nw+E/1w0GLuRFSmiioY6UooMp6KJv0/61nB7icHo=
+github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:vriiEXHvEE654aYKXXjOvZM39qJ0q+azkZFrfEOc3H4=
 github.com/jessevdk/go-flags v1.4.0/go.mod h1:4FA24M0QyGHXBuZZK/XkWh8h0e1EYbRYJSGM75WSRxI=
+github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 h1:K317FqzuhWc8YvSVlFMCCUb36O/S9MCKRDI7QkRKD/E=
+github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0/go.mod h1:h+uFLlag+Qp1Va5pdKtLDYj+kHp5pxUVkryuEj+Srlc=
+github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5 h1:/o9tlHleP7gOFmsnYNz3RGnqzefHA47wQpKrrdTIwXQ=
+github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5/go.mod h1:d3SSVoowX0Lcu0IBviAWJpolVfI5UJVZZ7cO71lE/z8=
 github.com/joho/godotenv v1.5.1 h1:7eLL/+HRGLY0ldzfGMeQkb7vMd0as4CfYvUVzLqw0N0=
 github.com/joho/godotenv v1.5.1/go.mod h1:f4LDr5Voq0i2e/R5DDNOoa2zzDfwtkZa6DnEwAbqwq4=
 github.com/josharian/intern v1.0.0 h1:vlS4z54oSdjm0bgjRigI+G1HpF+tI+9rE5LLzOg8HmY=
@@ -284,6 +296,12 @@ gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0/go.mod h1:RDklbk79AGWmwhnvt/jBztapEOGDOx6ZbXqjP6csGnQ=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
+gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0 h1:2dxzU8xJ+ivvqTRph34QX+WrRaJlmfyPqXmoGVjMBa4=
+gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0/go.mod h1:vUw0mrGgrTK+uPHEhAdV4sfFELrByKVGnaVRkXDhtWo=
+gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.6.0 h1:WHRRrIiulaPiPFmDcod6prc4l2VGVWHz80KspNsxSfQ=
+gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.6.0/go.mod h1:AO9V1qIQddBESngQUKWL9yoH93HIeA1X6V633rBwyT8=
+gorm.io/gorm v1.31.1 h1:7CA8FTFz/gRfgqgpeKIBcervUn3xSyPUmr6B2WXJ7kg=
+gorm.io/gorm v1.31.1/go.mod h1:XyQVbO2k6YkOis7C2437jSit3SsDK72s7n7rsSHd+Gs=
 howett.net/plist v1.0.1 h1:37GdZ8tP09Q35o9ych3ehygcsL+HqKSwzctveSlarvM=
 howett.net/plist v1.0.1/go.mod h1:lqaXoTrLY4hg8tnEzNru53gicrbv7rrk+2xJA/7hw9g=
 modernc.org/cc/v4 v4.26.5 h1:xM3bX7Mve6G8K8b+T11ReenJOT+BmVqQj0FY5T4+5Y4=

main.go

@@ -36,30 +36,44 @@ func main() {
 	cfg := config.Get()
 	logger.Info("✅ Configuration loaded")
 
-	// Initialize database from environment variables
+	// Initialize encryption service BEFORE database (so EncryptedString can decrypt on read)
-	// DB_TYPE: sqlite (default) or postgres
+	logger.Info("🔐 Initializing encryption service...")
-	// For SQLite: DB_PATH (default: data/data.db)
+	cryptoService, err := crypto.NewCryptoService()
-	// For PostgreSQL: DB_HOST, DB_PORT, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD, DB_NAME, DB_SSLMODE
+	if err != nil {
-	dbPath := os.Getenv("DB_PATH")
+		logger.Fatalf("❌ Failed to initialize encryption service: %v", err)
-	if dbPath == "" {
-		dbPath = "data/data.db"
 	}
-	// For backward compatibility: command line arg overrides env var (SQLite only)
+	crypto.SetGlobalCryptoService(cryptoService)
+	logger.Info("✅ Encryption service initialized successfully")
+
+	// Initialize database from configuration
+	// For backward compatibility: command line arg overrides config (SQLite only)
 	if len(os.Args) > 1 {
-		dbPath = os.Args[1]
+		cfg.DBPath = os.Args[1]
-		os.Setenv("DB_PATH", dbPath)
 	}
 	// Ensure data directory exists (for SQLite)
-	if os.Getenv("DB_TYPE") == "" || os.Getenv("DB_TYPE") == "sqlite" {
+	if cfg.DBType == "sqlite" {
-		if dir := filepath.Dir(dbPath); dir != "." {
+		if dir := filepath.Dir(cfg.DBPath); dir != "." {
 			if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0755); err != nil {
 				logger.Errorf("Failed to create data directory: %v", err)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	logger.Info("📋 Initializing database...")
+	logger.Infof("📋 Initializing database (%s)...", cfg.DBType)
-	st, err := store.NewFromEnv()
+	dbType := store.DBTypeSQLite
+	if cfg.DBType == "postgres" {
+		dbType = store.DBTypePostgres
+	}
+	st, err := store.NewWithConfig(store.DBConfig{
+		Type:     dbType,
+		Path:     cfg.DBPath,
+		Host:     cfg.DBHost,
+		Port:     cfg.DBPort,
+		User:     cfg.DBUser,
+		Password: cfg.DBPassword,
+		DBName:   cfg.DBName,
+		SSLMode:  cfg.DBSSLMode,
+	})
 	if err != nil {
 		logger.Fatalf("❌ Failed to initialize database: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -69,40 +83,6 @@ func main() {
 	// Initialize installation ID for experience improvement (anonymous statistics)
 	initInstallationID(st)
 
-	// Initialize encryption service
-	logger.Info("🔐 Initializing encryption service...")
-	cryptoService, err := crypto.NewCryptoService()
-	if err != nil {
-		logger.Fatalf("❌ Failed to initialize encryption service: %v", err)
-	}
-	encryptFunc := func(plaintext string) string {
-		if plaintext == "" {
-			return plaintext
-		}
-		encrypted, err := cryptoService.EncryptForStorage(plaintext)
-		if err != nil {
-			logger.Warnf("⚠️ Encryption failed: %v", err)
-			return plaintext
-		}
-		return encrypted
-	}
-	decryptFunc := func(encrypted string) string {
-		if encrypted == "" {
-			return encrypted
-		}
-		if !cryptoService.IsEncryptedStorageValue(encrypted) {
-			return encrypted
-		}
-		decrypted, err := cryptoService.DecryptFromStorage(encrypted)
-		if err != nil {
-			logger.Warnf("⚠️ Decryption failed: %v", err)
-			return encrypted
-		}
-		return decrypted
-	}
-	st.SetCryptoFuncs(encryptFunc, decryptFunc)
-	logger.Info("✅ Encryption service initialized successfully")
-
 	// Set JWT secret
 	auth.SetJWTSecret(cfg.JWTSecret)
 	logger.Info("🔑 JWT secret configured")

manager/trader_manager.go

@@ -664,46 +664,46 @@ func (tm *TraderManager) addTraderFromStore(traderCfg *store.Trader, aiModelCfg
 		StrategyConfig:       strategyConfig,
 	}
 
-	// Set API keys based on exchange type
+	// Set API keys based on exchange type (convert EncryptedString to string)
 	switch exchangeCfg.ExchangeType {
 	case "binance":
-		traderConfig.BinanceAPIKey = exchangeCfg.APIKey
+		traderConfig.BinanceAPIKey = string(exchangeCfg.APIKey)
-		traderConfig.BinanceSecretKey = exchangeCfg.SecretKey
+		traderConfig.BinanceSecretKey = string(exchangeCfg.SecretKey)
 	case "bybit":
-		traderConfig.BybitAPIKey = exchangeCfg.APIKey
+		traderConfig.BybitAPIKey = string(exchangeCfg.APIKey)
-		traderConfig.BybitSecretKey = exchangeCfg.SecretKey
+		traderConfig.BybitSecretKey = string(exchangeCfg.SecretKey)
 	case "okx":
-		traderConfig.OKXAPIKey = exchangeCfg.APIKey
+		traderConfig.OKXAPIKey = string(exchangeCfg.APIKey)
-		traderConfig.OKXSecretKey = exchangeCfg.SecretKey
+		traderConfig.OKXSecretKey = string(exchangeCfg.SecretKey)
-		traderConfig.OKXPassphrase = exchangeCfg.Passphrase
+		traderConfig.OKXPassphrase = string(exchangeCfg.Passphrase)
 	case "bitget":
-		traderConfig.BitgetAPIKey = exchangeCfg.APIKey
+		traderConfig.BitgetAPIKey = string(exchangeCfg.APIKey)
-		traderConfig.BitgetSecretKey = exchangeCfg.SecretKey
+		traderConfig.BitgetSecretKey = string(exchangeCfg.SecretKey)
-		traderConfig.BitgetPassphrase = exchangeCfg.Passphrase
+		traderConfig.BitgetPassphrase = string(exchangeCfg.Passphrase)
 	case "hyperliquid":
-		traderConfig.HyperliquidPrivateKey = exchangeCfg.APIKey
+		traderConfig.HyperliquidPrivateKey = string(exchangeCfg.APIKey)
 		traderConfig.HyperliquidWalletAddr = exchangeCfg.HyperliquidWalletAddr
 	case "aster":
 		traderConfig.AsterUser = exchangeCfg.AsterUser
 		traderConfig.AsterSigner = exchangeCfg.AsterSigner
-		traderConfig.AsterPrivateKey = exchangeCfg.AsterPrivateKey
+		traderConfig.AsterPrivateKey = string(exchangeCfg.AsterPrivateKey)
 	case "lighter":
-		traderConfig.LighterPrivateKey = exchangeCfg.LighterPrivateKey
+		traderConfig.LighterPrivateKey = string(exchangeCfg.LighterPrivateKey)
 		traderConfig.LighterWalletAddr = exchangeCfg.LighterWalletAddr
-		traderConfig.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey = exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey
+		traderConfig.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey = string(exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey)
 		traderConfig.LighterAPIKeyIndex = exchangeCfg.LighterAPIKeyIndex
 		traderConfig.LighterTestnet = exchangeCfg.Testnet
 	}
 
-	// Set API keys based on AI model
+	// Set API keys based on AI model (convert EncryptedString to string)
 	switch aiModelCfg.Provider {
 	case "qwen":
-		traderConfig.QwenKey = aiModelCfg.APIKey
+		traderConfig.QwenKey = string(aiModelCfg.APIKey)
 	case "deepseek":
-		traderConfig.DeepSeekKey = aiModelCfg.APIKey
+		traderConfig.DeepSeekKey = string(aiModelCfg.APIKey)
 	default:
 		// For other providers (grok, openai, claude, gemini, kimi, etc.), use CustomAPIKey
-		traderConfig.CustomAPIKey = aiModelCfg.APIKey
+		traderConfig.CustomAPIKey = string(aiModelCfg.APIKey)
 	}
 
 	// Create trader instance

store/ai_model.go

@@ -1,71 +1,52 @@
 package store
 
 import (
-	"database/sql"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"nofx/crypto"
 	"nofx/logger"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
 // AIModelStore AI model storage
 type AIModelStore struct {
-	db            *sql.DB
+	db *gorm.DB
-	encryptFunc   func(string) string
-	decryptFunc   func(string) string
 }
 
 // AIModel AI model configuration
 type AIModel struct {
-	ID              string    `json:"id"`
+	ID              string          `gorm:"primaryKey" json:"id"`
-	UserID          string    `json:"user_id"`
+	UserID          string          `gorm:"column:user_id;not null;default:default;index" json:"user_id"`
-	Name            string    `json:"name"`
+	Name            string          `gorm:"not null" json:"name"`
-	Provider        string    `json:"provider"`
+	Provider        string          `gorm:"not null" json:"provider"`
-	Enabled         bool      `json:"enabled"`
+	Enabled         bool            `gorm:"default:false" json:"enabled"`
-	APIKey          string    `json:"apiKey"`
+	APIKey          crypto.EncryptedString `gorm:"column:api_key;default:''" json:"apiKey"`
-	CustomAPIURL    string    `json:"customApiUrl"`
+	CustomAPIURL    string          `gorm:"column:custom_api_url;default:''" json:"customApiUrl"`
-	CustomModelName string    `json:"customModelName"`
+	CustomModelName string          `gorm:"column:custom_model_name;default:''" json:"customModelName"`
-	CreatedAt       time.Time `json:"created_at"`
+	CreatedAt       time.Time       `json:"created_at"`
-	UpdatedAt       time.Time `json:"updated_at"`
+	UpdatedAt       time.Time       `json:"updated_at"`
+}
+
+func (AIModel) TableName() string { return "ai_models" }
+
+// NewAIModelStore creates a new AIModelStore
+func NewAIModelStore(db *gorm.DB) *AIModelStore {
+	return &AIModelStore{db: db}
 }
 
 func (s *AIModelStore) initTables() error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	// For PostgreSQL with existing table, skip AutoMigrate
-		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ai_models (
+	if s.db.Dialector.Name() == "postgres" {
-			id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+		var tableExists int64
-			user_id TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'default',
+		s.db.Raw(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'ai_models'`).Scan(&tableExists)
-			name TEXT NOT NULL,
+		if tableExists > 0 {
-			provider TEXT NOT NULL,
+			return nil
-			enabled BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
+		}
-			api_key TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			custom_api_url TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			custom_model_name TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-			updated_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-		)
-	`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
 	}
-
+	return s.db.AutoMigrate(&AIModel{})
-	// Trigger
-	_, err = s.db.Exec(`
-		CREATE TRIGGER IF NOT EXISTS update_ai_models_updated_at
-		AFTER UPDATE ON ai_models
-		BEGIN
-			UPDATE ai_models SET updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP WHERE id = NEW.id;
-		END
-	`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Backward compatibility: add potentially missing columns
-	s.db.Exec(`ALTER TABLE ai_models ADD COLUMN custom_api_url TEXT DEFAULT ''`)
-	s.db.Exec(`ALTER TABLE ai_models ADD COLUMN custom_model_name TEXT DEFAULT ''`)
-
-	return nil
 }
 
 func (s *AIModelStore) initDefaultData() error {
@@ -73,51 +54,13 @@ func (s *AIModelStore) initDefaultData() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *AIModelStore) encrypt(plaintext string) string {
-	if s.encryptFunc != nil {
-		return s.encryptFunc(plaintext)
-	}
-	return plaintext
-}
-
-func (s *AIModelStore) decrypt(encrypted string) string {
-	if s.decryptFunc != nil {
-		return s.decryptFunc(encrypted)
-	}
-	return encrypted
-}
-
 // List retrieves user's AI model list
 func (s *AIModelStore) List(userID string) ([]*AIModel, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var models []*AIModel
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, provider, enabled, api_key,
+	err := s.db.Where("user_id = ?", userID).Order("id").Find(&models).Error
-		       COALESCE(custom_api_url, '') as custom_api_url,
-		       COALESCE(custom_model_name, '') as custom_model_name,
-		       created_at, updated_at
-		FROM ai_models WHERE user_id = ? ORDER BY id
-	`, userID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
-	models := make([]*AIModel, 0)
-	for rows.Next() {
-		var model AIModel
-		var createdAt, updatedAt string
-		err := rows.Scan(
-			&model.ID, &model.UserID, &model.Name, &model.Provider,
-			&model.Enabled, &model.APIKey, &model.CustomAPIURL, &model.CustomModelName,
-			&createdAt, &updatedAt,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		model.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
-		model.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
-		model.APIKey = s.decrypt(model.APIKey)
-		models = append(models, &model)
-	}
 	return models, nil
 }
 
@@ -140,27 +83,15 @@ func (s *AIModelStore) Get(userID, modelID string) (*AIModel, error) {
 
 	for _, uid := range candidates {
 		var model AIModel
-		var createdAt, updatedAt string
+		err := s.db.Where("user_id = ? AND id = ?", uid, modelID).First(&model).Error
-		err := s.db.QueryRow(`
-			SELECT id, user_id, name, provider, enabled, api_key,
-			       COALESCE(custom_api_url, ''), COALESCE(custom_model_name, ''), created_at, updated_at
-			FROM ai_models WHERE user_id = ? AND id = ? LIMIT 1
-		`, uid, modelID).Scan(
-			&model.ID, &model.UserID, &model.Name, &model.Provider,
-			&model.Enabled, &model.APIKey, &model.CustomAPIURL, &model.CustomModelName,
-			&createdAt, &updatedAt,
-		)
 		if err == nil {
-			model.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
-			model.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
-			model.APIKey = s.decrypt(model.APIKey)
 			return &model, nil
 		}
-		if !errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
+		if !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
-	return nil, sql.ErrNoRows
+	return nil, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound
 }
 
 // GetByID retrieves an AI model by ID only (for debate engine)
@@ -170,22 +101,10 @@ func (s *AIModelStore) GetByID(modelID string) (*AIModel, error) {
 	}
 
 	var model AIModel
-	var createdAt, updatedAt string
+	err := s.db.Where("id = ?", modelID).First(&model).Error
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, provider, enabled, api_key,
-		       COALESCE(custom_api_url, ''), COALESCE(custom_model_name, ''), created_at, updated_at
-		FROM ai_models WHERE id = ? LIMIT 1
-	`, modelID).Scan(
-		&model.ID, &model.UserID, &model.Name, &model.Provider,
-		&model.Enabled, &model.APIKey, &model.CustomAPIURL, &model.CustomModelName,
-		&createdAt, &updatedAt,
-	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	model.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
-	model.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
-	model.APIKey = s.decrypt(model.APIKey)
 	return &model, nil
 }
 
@@ -198,7 +117,7 @@ func (s *AIModelStore) GetDefault(userID string) (*AIModel, error) {
 	if err == nil {
 		return model, nil
 	}
-	if !errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
+	if !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if userID != "default" {
@@ -209,23 +128,12 @@ func (s *AIModelStore) GetDefault(userID string) (*AIModel, error) {
 
 func (s *AIModelStore) firstEnabled(userID string) (*AIModel, error) {
 	var model AIModel
-	var createdAt, updatedAt string
+	err := s.db.Where("user_id = ? AND enabled = ?", userID, true).
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
+		Order("updated_at DESC, id ASC").
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, provider, enabled, api_key,
+		First(&model).Error
-		       COALESCE(custom_api_url, ''), COALESCE(custom_model_name, ''), created_at, updated_at
-		FROM ai_models WHERE user_id = ? AND enabled = 1
-		ORDER BY datetime(updated_at) DESC, id ASC LIMIT 1
-	`, userID).Scan(
-		&model.ID, &model.UserID, &model.Name, &model.Provider,
-		&model.Enabled, &model.APIKey, &model.CustomAPIURL, &model.CustomModelName,
-		&createdAt, &updatedAt,
-	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	model.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
-	model.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
-	model.APIKey = s.decrypt(model.APIKey)
 	return &model, nil
 }
 
@@ -233,44 +141,38 @@ func (s *AIModelStore) firstEnabled(userID string) (*AIModel, error) {
 // IMPORTANT: If apiKey is empty string, the existing API key will be preserved (not overwritten)
 func (s *AIModelStore) Update(userID, id string, enabled bool, apiKey, customAPIURL, customModelName string) error {
 	// Try exact ID match first
-	var existingID string
+	var existingModel AIModel
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`SELECT id FROM ai_models WHERE user_id = ? AND id = ? LIMIT 1`, userID, id).Scan(&existingID)
+	err := s.db.Where("user_id = ? AND id = ?", userID, id).First(&existingModel).Error
 	if err == nil {
-		// If apiKey is empty, preserve the existing API key
+		// Update existing model
-		if apiKey == "" {
+		updates := map[string]interface{}{
-			_, err = s.db.Exec(`
+			"enabled":           enabled,
-				UPDATE ai_models SET enabled = ?, custom_api_url = ?, custom_model_name = ?, updated_at = datetime('now')
+			"custom_api_url":    customAPIURL,
-				WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?
+			"custom_model_name": customModelName,
-			`, enabled, customAPIURL, customModelName, existingID, userID)
+			"updated_at":        time.Now(),
-		} else {
-			encryptedAPIKey := s.encrypt(apiKey)
-			_, err = s.db.Exec(`
-				UPDATE ai_models SET enabled = ?, api_key = ?, custom_api_url = ?, custom_model_name = ?, updated_at = datetime('now')
-				WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?
-			`, enabled, encryptedAPIKey, customAPIURL, customModelName, existingID, userID)
 		}
-		return err
+		// If apiKey is not empty, update it (encryption handled by crypto.EncryptedString)
+		if apiKey != "" {
+			updates["api_key"] = crypto.EncryptedString(apiKey)
+		}
+		return s.db.Model(&existingModel).Updates(updates).Error
 	}
 
 	// Try legacy logic compatibility: use id as provider to search
 	provider := id
-	err = s.db.QueryRow(`SELECT id FROM ai_models WHERE user_id = ? AND provider = ? LIMIT 1`, userID, provider).Scan(&existingID)
+	err = s.db.Where("user_id = ? AND provider = ?", userID, provider).First(&existingModel).Error
 	if err == nil {
-		logger.Warnf("⚠️ Using legacy provider matching to update model: %s -> %s", provider, existingID)
+		logger.Warnf("⚠️ Using legacy provider matching to update model: %s -> %s", provider, existingModel.ID)
-		// If apiKey is empty, preserve the existing API key
+		updates := map[string]interface{}{
-		if apiKey == "" {
+			"enabled":           enabled,
-			_, err = s.db.Exec(`
+			"custom_api_url":    customAPIURL,
-				UPDATE ai_models SET enabled = ?, custom_api_url = ?, custom_model_name = ?, updated_at = datetime('now')
+			"custom_model_name": customModelName,
-				WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?
+			"updated_at":        time.Now(),
-			`, enabled, customAPIURL, customModelName, existingID, userID)
-		} else {
-			encryptedAPIKey := s.encrypt(apiKey)
-			_, err = s.db.Exec(`
-				UPDATE ai_models SET enabled = ?, api_key = ?, custom_api_url = ?, custom_model_name = ?, updated_at = datetime('now')
-				WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?
-			`, enabled, encryptedAPIKey, customAPIURL, customModelName, existingID, userID)
 		}
-		return err
+		if apiKey != "" {
+			updates["api_key"] = crypto.EncryptedString(apiKey)
+		}
+		return s.db.Model(&existingModel).Updates(updates).Error
 	}
 
 	// Create new record
@@ -285,9 +187,12 @@ func (s *AIModelStore) Update(userID, id string, enabled bool, apiKey, customAPI
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Try to get name from existing model with same provider
+	var refModel AIModel
 	var name string
-	err = s.db.QueryRow(`SELECT name FROM ai_models WHERE provider = ? LIMIT 1`, provider).Scan(&name)
+	if err := s.db.Where("provider = ?", provider).First(&refModel).Error; err == nil {
-	if err != nil {
+		name = refModel.Name
+	} else {
 		if provider == "deepseek" {
 			name = "DeepSeek AI"
 		} else if provider == "qwen" {
@@ -303,19 +208,30 @@ func (s *AIModelStore) Update(userID, id string, enabled bool, apiKey, customAPI
 	}
 
 	logger.Infof("✓ Creating new AI model configuration: ID=%s, Provider=%s, Name=%s", newModelID, provider, name)
-	encryptedAPIKey := s.encrypt(apiKey)
+	newModel := &AIModel{
-	_, err = s.db.Exec(`
+		ID:              newModelID,
-		INSERT INTO ai_models (id, user_id, name, provider, enabled, api_key, custom_api_url, custom_model_name, created_at, updated_at)
+		UserID:          userID,
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, datetime('now'), datetime('now'))
+		Name:            name,
-	`, newModelID, userID, name, provider, enabled, encryptedAPIKey, customAPIURL, customModelName)
+		Provider:        provider,
-	return err
+		Enabled:         enabled,
+		APIKey:          crypto.EncryptedString(apiKey),
+		CustomAPIURL:    customAPIURL,
+		CustomModelName: customModelName,
+	}
+	return s.db.Create(newModel).Error
 }
 
 // Create creates an AI model
 func (s *AIModelStore) Create(userID, id, name, provider string, enabled bool, apiKey, customAPIURL string) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	model := &AIModel{
-		INSERT OR IGNORE INTO ai_models (id, user_id, name, provider, enabled, api_key, custom_api_url)
+		ID:           id,
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+		UserID:       userID,
-	`, id, userID, name, provider, enabled, apiKey, customAPIURL)
+		Name:         name,
-	return err
+		Provider:     provider,
+		Enabled:      enabled,
+		APIKey:       crypto.EncryptedString(apiKey),
+		CustomAPIURL: customAPIURL,
+	}
+	// Use FirstOrCreate to ignore if already exists
+	return s.db.Where("id = ?", id).FirstOrCreate(model).Error
 }

store/backtest.go

@@ -1,15 +1,26 @@
 package store
 
 import (
-	"database/sql"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
 // BacktestStore backtest data storage
 type BacktestStore struct {
-	db *sql.DB
+	db *gorm.DB
+}
+
+// NewBacktestStore creates a new backtest store
+func NewBacktestStore(db *gorm.DB) *BacktestStore {
+	return &BacktestStore{db: db}
+}
+
+// isPostgres checks if the database is PostgreSQL
+func (s *BacktestStore) isPostgres() bool {
+	return s.db.Dialector.Name() == "postgres"
 }
 
 // RunState backtest state
@@ -92,492 +103,469 @@ type RunIndexEntry struct {
 	UpdatedAtISO   string   `json:"updated_at"`
 }
 
+// BacktestRun GORM model for backtest_runs table
+type BacktestRun struct {
+	RunID           string    `gorm:"column:run_id;primaryKey"`
+	UserID          string    `gorm:"column:user_id;not null;default:''"`
+	ConfigJSON      []byte    `gorm:"column:config_json"`
+	State           string    `gorm:"column:state;not null;default:created"`
+	Label           string    `gorm:"column:label;default:''"`
+	SymbolCount     int       `gorm:"column:symbol_count;default:0"`
+	DecisionTF      string    `gorm:"column:decision_tf;default:''"`
+	ProcessedBars   int       `gorm:"column:processed_bars;default:0"`
+	ProgressPct     float64   `gorm:"column:progress_pct;default:0"`
+	EquityLast      float64   `gorm:"column:equity_last;default:0"`
+	MaxDrawdownPct  float64   `gorm:"column:max_drawdown_pct;default:0"`
+	Liquidated      bool      `gorm:"column:liquidated;default:false"`
+	LiquidationNote string    `gorm:"column:liquidation_note;default:''"`
+	PromptTemplate  string    `gorm:"column:prompt_template;default:''"`
+	CustomPrompt    string    `gorm:"column:custom_prompt;default:''"`
+	OverridePrompt  bool      `gorm:"column:override_prompt;default:false"`
+	AIProvider      string    `gorm:"column:ai_provider;default:''"`
+	AIModel         string    `gorm:"column:ai_model;default:''"`
+	LastError       string    `gorm:"column:last_error;default:''"`
+	CreatedAt       time.Time `gorm:"column:created_at;autoCreateTime"`
+	UpdatedAt       time.Time `gorm:"column:updated_at;autoUpdateTime"`
+}
+
+func (BacktestRun) TableName() string {
+	return "backtest_runs"
+}
+
+// BacktestCheckpoint GORM model
+type BacktestCheckpoint struct {
+	RunID     string    `gorm:"column:run_id;primaryKey"`
+	Payload   []byte    `gorm:"column:payload;not null"`
+	UpdatedAt time.Time `gorm:"column:updated_at;autoUpdateTime"`
+}
+
+func (BacktestCheckpoint) TableName() string {
+	return "backtest_checkpoints"
+}
+
+// BacktestEquity GORM model
+type BacktestEquity struct {
+	ID        int64   `gorm:"primaryKey;autoIncrement"`
+	RunID     string  `gorm:"column:run_id;not null;index:idx_backtest_equity_run_ts"`
+	TS        int64   `gorm:"column:ts;not null;index:idx_backtest_equity_run_ts"`
+	Equity    float64 `gorm:"column:equity;not null"`
+	Available float64 `gorm:"column:available;not null"`
+	PnL       float64 `gorm:"column:pnl;not null"`
+	PnLPct    float64 `gorm:"column:pnl_pct;not null"`
+	DDPct     float64 `gorm:"column:dd_pct;not null"`
+	Cycle     int     `gorm:"column:cycle;not null"`
+}
+
+func (BacktestEquity) TableName() string {
+	return "backtest_equity"
+}
+
+// BacktestTrade GORM model
+type BacktestTrade struct {
+	ID            int64   `gorm:"primaryKey;autoIncrement"`
+	RunID         string  `gorm:"column:run_id;not null;index:idx_backtest_trades_run_ts"`
+	TS            int64   `gorm:"column:ts;not null;index:idx_backtest_trades_run_ts"`
+	Symbol        string  `gorm:"column:symbol;not null"`
+	Action        string  `gorm:"column:action;not null"`
+	Side          string  `gorm:"column:side;default:''"`
+	Qty           float64 `gorm:"column:qty;default:0"`
+	Price         float64 `gorm:"column:price;default:0"`
+	Fee           float64 `gorm:"column:fee;default:0"`
+	Slippage      float64 `gorm:"column:slippage;default:0"`
+	OrderValue    float64 `gorm:"column:order_value;default:0"`
+	RealizedPnL   float64 `gorm:"column:realized_pnl;default:0"`
+	Leverage      int     `gorm:"column:leverage;default:0"`
+	Cycle         int     `gorm:"column:cycle;default:0"`
+	PositionAfter float64 `gorm:"column:position_after;default:0"`
+	Liquidation   bool    `gorm:"column:liquidation;default:false"`
+	Note          string  `gorm:"column:note;default:''"`
+}
+
+func (BacktestTrade) TableName() string {
+	return "backtest_trades"
+}
+
+// BacktestMetrics GORM model
+type BacktestMetrics struct {
+	RunID     string    `gorm:"column:run_id;primaryKey"`
+	Payload   []byte    `gorm:"column:payload;not null"`
+	UpdatedAt time.Time `gorm:"column:updated_at;autoUpdateTime"`
+}
+
+func (BacktestMetrics) TableName() string {
+	return "backtest_metrics"
+}
+
+// BacktestDecision GORM model
+type BacktestDecision struct {
+	ID        int64     `gorm:"primaryKey;autoIncrement"`
+	RunID     string    `gorm:"column:run_id;not null;index:idx_backtest_decisions_run_cycle"`
+	Cycle     int       `gorm:"column:cycle;not null;index:idx_backtest_decisions_run_cycle"`
+	Payload   []byte    `gorm:"column:payload;not null"`
+	CreatedAt time.Time `gorm:"column:created_at;autoCreateTime"`
+}
+
+func (BacktestDecision) TableName() string {
+	return "backtest_decisions"
+}
+
 // initTables initializes backtest related tables
 func (s *BacktestStore) initTables() error {
-	queries := []string{
+	// For PostgreSQL with existing tables, skip AutoMigrate to avoid type conflicts
-		// Backtest runs main table
+	if s.db.Dialector.Name() == "postgres" {
-		`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS backtest_runs (
+		var tableExists int64
-			run_id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+		s.db.Raw(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'backtest_runs'`).Scan(&tableExists)
-			user_id TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
-			config_json TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
-			state TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'created',
-			label TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			symbol_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
-			decision_tf TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			processed_bars INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
-			progress_pct REAL DEFAULT 0,
-			equity_last REAL DEFAULT 0,
-			max_drawdown_pct REAL DEFAULT 0,
-			liquidated BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
-			liquidation_note TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			prompt_template TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			custom_prompt TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			override_prompt BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
-			ai_provider TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			ai_model TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			last_error TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-			updated_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-		)`,
 
-		// Backtest checkpoints
+		if tableExists > 0 {
-		`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS backtest_checkpoints (
+			// Tables exist - just ensure indexes exist
-			run_id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+			s.db.Exec(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_backtest_equity_run_ts ON backtest_equity(run_id, ts)`)
-			payload BLOB NOT NULL,
+			s.db.Exec(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_backtest_trades_run_ts ON backtest_trades(run_id, ts)`)
-			updated_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+			s.db.Exec(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_backtest_decisions_run_cycle ON backtest_decisions(run_id, cycle)`)
-			FOREIGN KEY (run_id) REFERENCES backtest_runs(run_id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+			return nil
-		)`,
-
-		// Backtest equity curve
-		`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS backtest_equity (
-			id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-			run_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-			ts INTEGER NOT NULL,
-			equity REAL NOT NULL,
-			available REAL NOT NULL,
-			pnl REAL NOT NULL,
-			pnl_pct REAL NOT NULL,
-			dd_pct REAL NOT NULL,
-			cycle INTEGER NOT NULL,
-			FOREIGN KEY (run_id) REFERENCES backtest_runs(run_id) ON DELETE CASCADE
-		)`,
-
-		// Backtest trade records
-		`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS backtest_trades (
-			id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-			run_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-			ts INTEGER NOT NULL,
-			symbol TEXT NOT NULL,
-			action TEXT NOT NULL,
-			side TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			qty REAL DEFAULT 0,
-			price REAL DEFAULT 0,
-			fee REAL DEFAULT 0,
-			slippage REAL DEFAULT 0,
-			order_value REAL DEFAULT 0,
-			realized_pnl REAL DEFAULT 0,
-			leverage INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
-			cycle INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
-			position_after REAL DEFAULT 0,
-			liquidation BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
-			note TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			FOREIGN KEY (run_id) REFERENCES backtest_runs(run_id) ON DELETE CASCADE
-		)`,
-
-		// Backtest metrics
-		`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS backtest_metrics (
-			run_id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
-			payload BLOB NOT NULL,
-			updated_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-			FOREIGN KEY (run_id) REFERENCES backtest_runs(run_id) ON DELETE CASCADE
-		)`,
-
-		// Backtest decision logs
-		`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS backtest_decisions (
-			id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-			run_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-			cycle INTEGER NOT NULL,
-			payload BLOB NOT NULL,
-			created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-			FOREIGN KEY (run_id) REFERENCES backtest_runs(run_id) ON DELETE CASCADE
-		)`,
-
-		// Indexes
-		`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_backtest_runs_state ON backtest_runs(state, updated_at)`,
-		`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_backtest_equity_run_ts ON backtest_equity(run_id, ts)`,
-		`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_backtest_trades_run_ts ON backtest_trades(run_id, ts)`,
-		`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_backtest_decisions_run_cycle ON backtest_decisions(run_id, cycle)`,
-	}
-
-	for _, query := range queries {
-		if _, err := s.db.Exec(query); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to execute SQL: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Add potentially missing columns (backward compatibility)
+	// AutoMigrate all backtest tables
-	s.addColumnIfNotExists("backtest_runs", "label", "TEXT DEFAULT ''")
+	if err := s.db.AutoMigrate(
-	s.addColumnIfNotExists("backtest_runs", "last_error", "TEXT DEFAULT ''")
+		&BacktestRun{},
-	s.addColumnIfNotExists("backtest_trades", "leverage", "INTEGER DEFAULT 0")
+		&BacktestCheckpoint{},
+		&BacktestEquity{},
+		&BacktestTrade{},
+		&BacktestMetrics{},
+		&BacktestDecision{},
+	); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to migrate backtest tables: %w", err)
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *BacktestStore) addColumnIfNotExists(table, column, definition string) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(fmt.Sprintf("PRAGMA table_info(%s)", table))
-	if err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
-	for rows.Next() {
-		var cid int
-		var name, ctype string
-		var notnull, pk int
-		var dflt interface{}
-		if err := rows.Scan(&cid, &name, &ctype, &notnull, &dflt, &pk); err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		if name == column {
-			return // Column already exists
-		}
-	}
-
-	s.db.Exec(fmt.Sprintf("ALTER TABLE %s ADD COLUMN %s %s", table, column, definition))
-}
-
 // SaveCheckpoint saves checkpoint
 func (s *BacktestStore) SaveCheckpoint(runID string, payload []byte) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	checkpoint := BacktestCheckpoint{
-		INSERT INTO backtest_checkpoints (run_id, payload, updated_at)
+		RunID:   runID,
-		VALUES (?, ?, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)
+		Payload: payload,
-		ON CONFLICT(run_id) DO UPDATE SET payload=excluded.payload, updated_at=CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+	}
-	`, runID, payload)
+	return s.db.Save(&checkpoint).Error
-	return err
 }
 
 // LoadCheckpoint loads checkpoint
 func (s *BacktestStore) LoadCheckpoint(runID string) ([]byte, error) {
-	var payload []byte
+	var checkpoint BacktestCheckpoint
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`SELECT payload FROM backtest_checkpoints WHERE run_id = ?`, runID).Scan(&payload)
+	err := s.db.Where("run_id = ?", runID).First(&checkpoint).Error
-	return payload, err
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return checkpoint.Payload, nil
 }
 
 // SaveRunMetadata saves run metadata
 func (s *BacktestStore) SaveRunMetadata(meta *RunMetadata) error {
-	created := meta.CreatedAt.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)
+	run := BacktestRun{
-	updated := meta.UpdatedAt.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)
+		RunID:           meta.RunID,
-	userID := meta.UserID
+		UserID:          meta.UserID,
-
+		State:           string(meta.State),
-	if _, err := s.db.Exec(`
+		Label:           meta.Label,
-		INSERT INTO backtest_runs (run_id, user_id, label, last_error, created_at, updated_at)
+		LastError:       meta.LastError,
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+		SymbolCount:     meta.Summary.SymbolCount,
-		ON CONFLICT(run_id) DO NOTHING
+		DecisionTF:      meta.Summary.DecisionTF,
-	`, meta.RunID, userID, meta.Label, meta.LastError, created, updated); err != nil {
+		ProcessedBars:   meta.Summary.ProcessedBars,
-		return err
+		ProgressPct:     meta.Summary.ProgressPct,
+		EquityLast:      meta.Summary.EquityLast,
+		MaxDrawdownPct:  meta.Summary.MaxDrawdownPct,
+		Liquidated:      meta.Summary.Liquidated,
+		LiquidationNote: meta.Summary.LiquidationNote,
+		CreatedAt:       meta.CreatedAt,
+		UpdatedAt:       meta.UpdatedAt,
 	}
-
+	return s.db.Save(&run).Error
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
-		UPDATE backtest_runs
-		SET user_id = ?, state = ?, symbol_count = ?, decision_tf = ?, processed_bars = ?,
-		    progress_pct = ?, equity_last = ?, max_drawdown_pct = ?, liquidated = ?,
-		    liquidation_note = ?, label = ?, last_error = ?, updated_at = ?
-		WHERE run_id = ?
-	`, userID, string(meta.State), meta.Summary.SymbolCount, meta.Summary.DecisionTF,
-		meta.Summary.ProcessedBars, meta.Summary.ProgressPct, meta.Summary.EquityLast,
-		meta.Summary.MaxDrawdownPct, meta.Summary.Liquidated, meta.Summary.LiquidationNote,
-		meta.Label, meta.LastError, updated, meta.RunID)
-	return err
 }
 
 // LoadRunMetadata loads run metadata
 func (s *BacktestStore) LoadRunMetadata(runID string) (*RunMetadata, error) {
-	var (
+	var run BacktestRun
-		userID          string
+	err := s.db.Where("run_id = ?", runID).First(&run).Error
-		state           string
-		label           string
-		lastErr         string
-		symbolCount     int
-		decisionTF      string
-		processedBars   int
-		progressPct     float64
-		equityLast      float64
-		maxDD           float64
-		liquidated      bool
-		liquidationNote string
-		createdISO      string
-		updatedISO      string
-	)
-
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
-		SELECT user_id, state, label, last_error, symbol_count, decision_tf, processed_bars,
-		       progress_pct, equity_last, max_drawdown_pct, liquidated, liquidation_note,
-		       created_at, updated_at
-		FROM backtest_runs WHERE run_id = ?
-	`, runID).Scan(&userID, &state, &label, &lastErr, &symbolCount, &decisionTF,
-		&processedBars, &progressPct, &equityLast, &maxDD, &liquidated, &liquidationNote,
-		&createdISO, &updatedISO)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	meta := &RunMetadata{
+	return &RunMetadata{
-		RunID:     runID,
+		RunID:     run.RunID,
-		UserID:    userID,
+		UserID:    run.UserID,
 		Version:   1,
-		State:     RunState(state),
+		State:     RunState(run.State),
-		Label:     label,
+		Label:     run.Label,
-		LastError: lastErr,
+		LastError: run.LastError,
 		Summary: RunSummary{
-			SymbolCount:     symbolCount,
+			SymbolCount:     run.SymbolCount,
-			DecisionTF:      decisionTF,
+			DecisionTF:      run.DecisionTF,
-			ProcessedBars:   processedBars,
+			ProcessedBars:   run.ProcessedBars,
-			ProgressPct:     progressPct,
+			ProgressPct:     run.ProgressPct,
-			EquityLast:      equityLast,
+			EquityLast:      run.EquityLast,
-			MaxDrawdownPct:  maxDD,
+			MaxDrawdownPct:  run.MaxDrawdownPct,
-			Liquidated:      liquidated,
+			Liquidated:      run.Liquidated,
-			LiquidationNote: liquidationNote,
+			LiquidationNote: run.LiquidationNote,
 		},
-	}
+		CreatedAt: run.CreatedAt,
-
+		UpdatedAt: run.UpdatedAt,
-	meta.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse(time.RFC3339, createdISO)
+	}, nil
-	meta.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse(time.RFC3339, updatedISO)
-
-	return meta, nil
 }
 
 // ListRunIDs lists all run IDs
 func (s *BacktestStore) ListRunIDs() ([]string, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`SELECT run_id FROM backtest_runs ORDER BY datetime(updated_at) DESC`)
+	var runs []BacktestRun
+	err := s.db.Order("updated_at DESC").Find(&runs).Error
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
 
-	var ids []string
+	ids := make([]string, len(runs))
-	for rows.Next() {
+	for i, run := range runs {
-		var runID string
+		ids[i] = run.RunID
-		if err := rows.Scan(&runID); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		ids = append(ids, runID)
 	}
-	return ids, rows.Err()
+	return ids, nil
 }
 
 // AppendEquityPoint appends equity point
 func (s *BacktestStore) AppendEquityPoint(runID string, point EquityPoint) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	eq := BacktestEquity{
-		INSERT INTO backtest_equity (run_id, ts, equity, available, pnl, pnl_pct, dd_pct, cycle)
+		RunID:     runID,
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+		TS:        point.Timestamp,
-	`, runID, point.Timestamp, point.Equity, point.Available, point.PnL,
+		Equity:    point.Equity,
-		point.PnLPct, point.DrawdownPct, point.Cycle)
+		Available: point.Available,
-	return err
+		PnL:       point.PnL,
+		PnLPct:    point.PnLPct,
+		DDPct:     point.DrawdownPct,
+		Cycle:     point.Cycle,
+	}
+	return s.db.Create(&eq).Error
 }
 
 // LoadEquityPoints loads equity points
 func (s *BacktestStore) LoadEquityPoints(runID string) ([]EquityPoint, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var eqs []BacktestEquity
-		SELECT ts, equity, available, pnl, pnl_pct, dd_pct, cycle
+	err := s.db.Where("run_id = ?", runID).Order("ts ASC").Find(&eqs).Error
-		FROM backtest_equity WHERE run_id = ? ORDER BY ts ASC
-	`, runID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
 
-	points := make([]EquityPoint, 0)
+	points := make([]EquityPoint, len(eqs))
-	for rows.Next() {
+	for i, eq := range eqs {
-		var point EquityPoint
+		points[i] = EquityPoint{
-		if err := rows.Scan(&point.Timestamp, &point.Equity, &point.Available,
+			Timestamp:   eq.TS,
-			&point.PnL, &point.PnLPct, &point.DrawdownPct, &point.Cycle); err != nil {
+			Equity:      eq.Equity,
-			return nil, err
+			Available:   eq.Available,
+			PnL:         eq.PnL,
+			PnLPct:      eq.PnLPct,
+			DrawdownPct: eq.DDPct,
+			Cycle:       eq.Cycle,
 		}
-		points = append(points, point)
 	}
-	return points, rows.Err()
+	return points, nil
 }
 
 // AppendTradeEvent appends trade event
 func (s *BacktestStore) AppendTradeEvent(runID string, event TradeEvent) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	trade := BacktestTrade{
-		INSERT INTO backtest_trades (run_id, ts, symbol, action, side, qty, price, fee,
+		RunID:         runID,
-		                             slippage, order_value, realized_pnl, leverage, cycle,
+		TS:            event.Timestamp,
-		                             position_after, liquidation, note)
+		Symbol:        event.Symbol,
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+		Action:        event.Action,
-	`, runID, event.Timestamp, event.Symbol, event.Action, event.Side, event.Quantity,
+		Side:          event.Side,
-		event.Price, event.Fee, event.Slippage, event.OrderValue, event.RealizedPnL,
+		Qty:           event.Quantity,
-		event.Leverage, event.Cycle, event.PositionAfter, event.LiquidationFlag, event.Note)
+		Price:         event.Price,
-	return err
+		Fee:           event.Fee,
+		Slippage:      event.Slippage,
+		OrderValue:    event.OrderValue,
+		RealizedPnL:   event.RealizedPnL,
+		Leverage:      event.Leverage,
+		Cycle:         event.Cycle,
+		PositionAfter: event.PositionAfter,
+		Liquidation:   event.LiquidationFlag,
+		Note:          event.Note,
+	}
+	return s.db.Create(&trade).Error
 }
 
 // LoadTradeEvents loads trade events
 func (s *BacktestStore) LoadTradeEvents(runID string) ([]TradeEvent, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var trades []BacktestTrade
-		SELECT ts, symbol, action, side, qty, price, fee, slippage, order_value,
+	err := s.db.Where("run_id = ?", runID).Order("ts ASC").Find(&trades).Error
-		       realized_pnl, leverage, cycle, position_after, liquidation, note
-		FROM backtest_trades WHERE run_id = ? ORDER BY ts ASC
-	`, runID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
 
-	events := make([]TradeEvent, 0)
+	events := make([]TradeEvent, len(trades))
-	for rows.Next() {
+	for i, trade := range trades {
-		var event TradeEvent
+		events[i] = TradeEvent{
-		if err := rows.Scan(&event.Timestamp, &event.Symbol, &event.Action, &event.Side,
+			Timestamp:       trade.TS,
-			&event.Quantity, &event.Price, &event.Fee, &event.Slippage, &event.OrderValue,
+			Symbol:          trade.Symbol,
-			&event.RealizedPnL, &event.Leverage, &event.Cycle, &event.PositionAfter,
+			Action:          trade.Action,
-			&event.LiquidationFlag, &event.Note); err != nil {
+			Side:            trade.Side,
-			return nil, err
+			Quantity:        trade.Qty,
+			Price:           trade.Price,
+			Fee:             trade.Fee,
+			Slippage:        trade.Slippage,
+			OrderValue:      trade.OrderValue,
+			RealizedPnL:     trade.RealizedPnL,
+			Leverage:        trade.Leverage,
+			Cycle:           trade.Cycle,
+			PositionAfter:   trade.PositionAfter,
+			LiquidationFlag: trade.Liquidation,
+			Note:            trade.Note,
 		}
-		events = append(events, event)
 	}
-	return events, rows.Err()
+	return events, nil
 }
 
 // SaveMetrics saves metrics
 func (s *BacktestStore) SaveMetrics(runID string, payload []byte) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	metrics := BacktestMetrics{
-		INSERT INTO backtest_metrics (run_id, payload, updated_at)
+		RunID:   runID,
-		VALUES (?, ?, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)
+		Payload: payload,
-		ON CONFLICT(run_id) DO UPDATE SET payload=excluded.payload, updated_at=CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+	}
-	`, runID, payload)
+	return s.db.Save(&metrics).Error
-	return err
 }
 
 // LoadMetrics loads metrics
 func (s *BacktestStore) LoadMetrics(runID string) ([]byte, error) {
-	var payload []byte
+	var metrics BacktestMetrics
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`SELECT payload FROM backtest_metrics WHERE run_id = ?`, runID).Scan(&payload)
+	err := s.db.Where("run_id = ?", runID).First(&metrics).Error
-	return payload, err
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return metrics.Payload, nil
 }
 
 // SaveDecisionRecord saves decision record
 func (s *BacktestStore) SaveDecisionRecord(runID string, cycle int, payload []byte) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	decision := BacktestDecision{
-		INSERT INTO backtest_decisions (run_id, cycle, payload)
+		RunID:   runID,
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?)
+		Cycle:   cycle,
-	`, runID, cycle, payload)
+		Payload: payload,
-	return err
+	}
+	return s.db.Create(&decision).Error
 }
 
 // LoadDecisionRecords loads decision records
 func (s *BacktestStore) LoadDecisionRecords(runID string, limit, offset int) ([]json.RawMessage, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var decisions []BacktestDecision
-		SELECT payload FROM backtest_decisions
+	err := s.db.Where("run_id = ?", runID).
-		WHERE run_id = ?
+		Order("id DESC").
-		ORDER BY id DESC
+		Limit(limit).
-		LIMIT ? OFFSET ?
+		Offset(offset).
-	`, runID, limit, offset)
+		Find(&decisions).Error
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
 
-	records := make([]json.RawMessage, 0, limit)
+	records := make([]json.RawMessage, len(decisions))
-	for rows.Next() {
+	for i, d := range decisions {
-		var payload []byte
+		records[i] = json.RawMessage(d.Payload)
-		if err := rows.Scan(&payload); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		records = append(records, json.RawMessage(payload))
 	}
-	return records, rows.Err()
+	return records, nil
 }
 
 // LoadLatestDecision loads latest decision
 func (s *BacktestStore) LoadLatestDecision(runID string, cycle int) ([]byte, error) {
-	var query string
+	var decision BacktestDecision
-	var args []interface{}
+	query := s.db.Where("run_id = ?", runID)
-
 	if cycle > 0 {
-		query = `SELECT payload FROM backtest_decisions WHERE run_id = ? AND cycle = ? ORDER BY datetime(created_at) DESC LIMIT 1`
+		query = query.Where("cycle = ?", cycle)
-		args = []interface{}{runID, cycle}
-	} else {
-		query = `SELECT payload FROM backtest_decisions WHERE run_id = ? ORDER BY datetime(created_at) DESC LIMIT 1`
-		args = []interface{}{runID}
 	}
-
+	err := query.Order("created_at DESC").First(&decision).Error
-	var payload []byte
+	if err != nil {
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(query, args...).Scan(&payload)
+		return nil, err
-	return payload, err
+	}
+	return decision.Payload, nil
 }
 
 // UpdateProgress updates progress
 func (s *BacktestStore) UpdateProgress(runID string, progressPct, equity float64, barIndex int, liquidated bool) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	return s.db.Model(&BacktestRun{}).Where("run_id = ?", runID).Updates(map[string]interface{}{
-		UPDATE backtest_runs
+		"progress_pct":   progressPct,
-		SET progress_pct = ?, equity_last = ?, processed_bars = ?, liquidated = ?, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+		"equity_last":    equity,
-		WHERE run_id = ?
+		"processed_bars": barIndex,
-	`, progressPct, equity, barIndex, liquidated, runID)
+		"liquidated":     liquidated,
-	return err
+	}).Error
 }
 
 // ListIndexEntries lists index entries
 func (s *BacktestStore) ListIndexEntries() ([]RunIndexEntry, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var runs []BacktestRun
-		SELECT run_id, state, symbol_count, decision_tf, equity_last, max_drawdown_pct,
+	err := s.db.Order("updated_at DESC").Find(&runs).Error
-		       created_at, updated_at, config_json
-		FROM backtest_runs
-		ORDER BY datetime(updated_at) DESC
-	`)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
 
-	var entries []RunIndexEntry
+	entries := make([]RunIndexEntry, len(runs))
-	for rows.Next() {
+	for i, run := range runs {
-		var entry RunIndexEntry
+		entry := RunIndexEntry{
-		var symbolCnt int
+			RunID:          run.RunID,
-		var cfgJSON []byte
+			State:          run.State,
-		var createdISO, updatedISO string
+			DecisionTF:     run.DecisionTF,
-
+			EquityLast:     run.EquityLast,
-		if err := rows.Scan(&entry.RunID, &entry.State, &symbolCnt, &entry.DecisionTF,
+			MaxDrawdownPct: run.MaxDrawdownPct,
-			&entry.EquityLast, &entry.MaxDrawdownPct, &createdISO, &updatedISO, &cfgJSON); err != nil {
+			CreatedAtISO:   run.CreatedAt.Format(time.RFC3339),
-			return nil, err
+			UpdatedAtISO:   run.UpdatedAt.Format(time.RFC3339),
+			Symbols:        make([]string, 0, run.SymbolCount),
 		}
 
-		entry.CreatedAtISO = createdISO
+		if len(run.ConfigJSON) > 0 {
-		entry.UpdatedAtISO = updatedISO
-		entry.Symbols = make([]string, 0, symbolCnt)
-
-		// Try to extract more information from config
-		if len(cfgJSON) > 0 {
 			var cfg struct {
 				Symbols []string `json:"symbols"`
 				StartTS int64    `json:"start_ts"`
 				EndTS   int64    `json:"end_ts"`
 			}
-			if json.Unmarshal(cfgJSON, &cfg) == nil {
+			if json.Unmarshal(run.ConfigJSON, &cfg) == nil {
 				entry.Symbols = cfg.Symbols
 				entry.StartTS = cfg.StartTS
 				entry.EndTS = cfg.EndTS
 			}
 		}
 
-		entries = append(entries, entry)
+		entries[i] = entry
 	}
-	return entries, rows.Err()
+	return entries, nil
 }
 
 // DeleteRun deletes run
 func (s *BacktestStore) DeleteRun(runID string) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`DELETE FROM backtest_runs WHERE run_id = ?`, runID)
+	// Delete related records first (cascade may not work in all cases)
-	return err
+	s.db.Where("run_id = ?", runID).Delete(&BacktestCheckpoint{})
+	s.db.Where("run_id = ?", runID).Delete(&BacktestEquity{})
+	s.db.Where("run_id = ?", runID).Delete(&BacktestTrade{})
+	s.db.Where("run_id = ?", runID).Delete(&BacktestMetrics{})
+	s.db.Where("run_id = ?", runID).Delete(&BacktestDecision{})
+
+	return s.db.Where("run_id = ?", runID).Delete(&BacktestRun{}).Error
 }
 
 // SaveConfig saves config
 func (s *BacktestStore) SaveConfig(runID, userID, template, customPrompt, provider, model string, override bool, configJSON []byte) error {
-	now := time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)
 	if userID == "" {
 		userID = "default"
 	}
 
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	run := BacktestRun{
-		INSERT INTO backtest_runs (run_id, user_id, config_json, prompt_template, custom_prompt,
+		RunID:          runID,
-		                           override_prompt, ai_provider, ai_model, created_at, updated_at)
+		UserID:         userID,
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+		ConfigJSON:     configJSON,
-		ON CONFLICT(run_id) DO NOTHING
+		PromptTemplate: template,
-	`, runID, userID, configJSON, template, customPrompt, override, provider, model, now, now)
+		CustomPrompt:   customPrompt,
-	if err != nil {
+		OverridePrompt: override,
-		return err
+		AIProvider:     provider,
+		AIModel:        model,
 	}
-
+	return s.db.Save(&run).Error
-	_, err = s.db.Exec(`
-		UPDATE backtest_runs
-		SET user_id = ?, config_json = ?, prompt_template = ?, custom_prompt = ?,
-		    override_prompt = ?, ai_provider = ?, ai_model = ?, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-		WHERE run_id = ?
-	`, userID, configJSON, template, customPrompt, override, provider, model, runID)
-	return err
 }
 
 // LoadConfig loads config
 func (s *BacktestStore) LoadConfig(runID string) ([]byte, error) {
-	var payload []byte
+	var run BacktestRun
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`SELECT config_json FROM backtest_runs WHERE run_id = ?`, runID).Scan(&payload)
+	err := s.db.Where("run_id = ?", runID).First(&run).Error
-	return payload, err
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return run.ConfigJSON, nil
 }

store/debate.go

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 package store
 
 import (
-	"database/sql"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
 // DebateStatus represents the status of a debate session
@@ -49,30 +48,6 @@ var PersonalityEmojis = map[DebatePersonality]string{
 	PersonalityRiskManager: "🛡️",
 }
 
-// DebateSession represents a debate session
-type DebateSession struct {
-	ID              string            `json:"id"`
-	UserID          string            `json:"user_id"`
-	Name            string            `json:"name"`
-	StrategyID      string            `json:"strategy_id"`
-	Status          DebateStatus      `json:"status"`
-	Symbol          string            `json:"symbol"`           // Primary symbol (for backward compat, may be empty for multi-coin)
-	MaxRounds       int               `json:"max_rounds"`
-	CurrentRound    int               `json:"current_round"`
-	IntervalMinutes int               `json:"interval_minutes"` // Debate interval (5, 15, 30, 60 minutes)
-	PromptVariant   string            `json:"prompt_variant"`   // balanced/aggressive/conservative/scalping
-	FinalDecision   *DebateDecision   `json:"final_decision,omitempty"`   // Single decision (backward compat)
-	FinalDecisions  []*DebateDecision `json:"final_decisions,omitempty"`  // Multi-coin decisions
-	AutoExecute     bool              `json:"auto_execute"`
-	TraderID        string            `json:"trader_id,omitempty"` // Trader to use for auto-execute
-	// OI Ranking data options
-	EnableOIRanking bool   `json:"enable_oi_ranking"` // Whether to include OI ranking data
-	OIRankingLimit  int    `json:"oi_ranking_limit"`  // Number of OI ranking entries (default 10)
-	OIDuration      string `json:"oi_duration"`       // Duration for OI data (1h, 4h, 24h, etc.)
-	CreatedAt       time.Time         `json:"created_at"`
-	UpdatedAt       time.Time         `json:"updated_at"`
-}
-
 // DebateDecision represents a trading decision from the debate
 type DebateDecision struct {
 	Action          string  `json:"action"`            // open_long/open_short/close_long/close_short/hold/wait
@@ -86,178 +61,187 @@ type DebateDecision struct {
 	Reasoning       string  `json:"reasoning"`         // Brief reasoning
 
 	// Execution tracking
-	Executed   bool      `json:"executed"`             // Whether this decision was executed
+	Executed   bool      `json:"executed"`              // Whether this decision was executed
 	ExecutedAt time.Time `json:"executed_at,omitempty"` // When it was executed
 	OrderID    string    `json:"order_id,omitempty"`    // Exchange order ID
 	Error      string    `json:"error,omitempty"`       // Execution error if any
 }
 
+// DebateSession represents a debate session (API struct)
+type DebateSession struct {
+	ID              string            `json:"id"`
+	UserID          string            `json:"user_id"`
+	Name            string            `json:"name"`
+	StrategyID      string            `json:"strategy_id"`
+	Status          DebateStatus      `json:"status"`
+	Symbol          string            `json:"symbol"`           // Primary symbol (for backward compat, may be empty for multi-coin)
+	MaxRounds       int               `json:"max_rounds"`
+	CurrentRound    int               `json:"current_round"`
+	IntervalMinutes int               `json:"interval_minutes"` // Debate interval (5, 15, 30, 60 minutes)
+	PromptVariant   string            `json:"prompt_variant"`   // balanced/aggressive/conservative/scalping
+	FinalDecision   *DebateDecision   `json:"final_decision,omitempty"`  // Single decision (backward compat)
+	FinalDecisions  []*DebateDecision `json:"final_decisions,omitempty"` // Multi-coin decisions
+	AutoExecute     bool              `json:"auto_execute"`
+	TraderID        string            `json:"trader_id,omitempty"` // Trader to use for auto-execute
+	// OI Ranking data options
+	EnableOIRanking bool      `json:"enable_oi_ranking"` // Whether to include OI ranking data
+	OIRankingLimit  int       `json:"oi_ranking_limit"`  // Number of OI ranking entries (default 10)
+	OIDuration      string    `json:"oi_duration"`       // Duration for OI data (1h, 4h, 24h, etc.)
+	CreatedAt       time.Time `json:"created_at"`
+	UpdatedAt       time.Time `json:"updated_at"`
+}
+
+// DebateSessionDB is the GORM model for debate_sessions
+type DebateSessionDB struct {
+	ID              string       `gorm:"column:id;primaryKey"`
+	UserID          string       `gorm:"column:user_id;not null;index"`
+	Name            string       `gorm:"column:name;not null"`
+	StrategyID      string       `gorm:"column:strategy_id;not null"`
+	Status          DebateStatus `gorm:"column:status;not null;default:pending;index"`
+	Symbol          string       `gorm:"column:symbol;not null"`
+	MaxRounds       int          `gorm:"column:max_rounds;default:3"`
+	CurrentRound    int          `gorm:"column:current_round;default:0"`
+	IntervalMinutes int          `gorm:"column:interval_minutes;default:5"`
+	PromptVariant   string       `gorm:"column:prompt_variant;default:balanced"`
+	FinalDecision   string       `gorm:"column:final_decision"` // JSON string
+	AutoExecute     bool         `gorm:"column:auto_execute;default:false"`
+	TraderID        string       `gorm:"column:trader_id"`
+	EnableOIRanking bool         `gorm:"column:enable_oi_ranking;default:false"`
+	OIRankingLimit  int          `gorm:"column:oi_ranking_limit;default:10"`
+	OIDuration      string       `gorm:"column:oi_duration;default:1h"`
+	CreatedAt       time.Time    `gorm:"column:created_at;autoCreateTime"`
+	UpdatedAt       time.Time    `gorm:"column:updated_at;autoUpdateTime"`
+}
+
+func (DebateSessionDB) TableName() string {
+	return "debate_sessions"
+}
+
+func (db *DebateSessionDB) toSession() *DebateSession {
+	s := &DebateSession{
+		ID:              db.ID,
+		UserID:          db.UserID,
+		Name:            db.Name,
+		StrategyID:      db.StrategyID,
+		Status:          db.Status,
+		Symbol:          db.Symbol,
+		MaxRounds:       db.MaxRounds,
+		CurrentRound:    db.CurrentRound,
+		IntervalMinutes: db.IntervalMinutes,
+		PromptVariant:   db.PromptVariant,
+		AutoExecute:     db.AutoExecute,
+		TraderID:        db.TraderID,
+		EnableOIRanking: db.EnableOIRanking,
+		OIRankingLimit:  db.OIRankingLimit,
+		OIDuration:      db.OIDuration,
+		CreatedAt:       db.CreatedAt,
+		UpdatedAt:       db.UpdatedAt,
+	}
+
+	// Set defaults
+	if s.IntervalMinutes == 0 {
+		s.IntervalMinutes = 5
+	}
+	if s.PromptVariant == "" {
+		s.PromptVariant = "balanced"
+	}
+	if s.OIRankingLimit == 0 {
+		s.OIRankingLimit = 10
+	}
+	if s.OIDuration == "" {
+		s.OIDuration = "1h"
+	}
+
+	// Parse final decision
+	if db.FinalDecision != "" {
+		var decision DebateDecision
+		if json.Unmarshal([]byte(db.FinalDecision), &decision) == nil {
+			s.FinalDecision = &decision
+		}
+	}
+
+	return s
+}
+
 // DebateParticipant represents an AI participant in a debate
 type DebateParticipant struct {
-	ID          string            `json:"id"`
+	ID          string            `gorm:"column:id;primaryKey" json:"id"`
-	SessionID   string            `json:"session_id"`
+	SessionID   string            `gorm:"column:session_id;not null;index" json:"session_id"`
-	AIModelID   string            `json:"ai_model_id"`
+	AIModelID   string            `gorm:"column:ai_model_id;not null" json:"ai_model_id"`
-	AIModelName string            `json:"ai_model_name"`
+	AIModelName string            `gorm:"column:ai_model_name;not null" json:"ai_model_name"`
-	Provider    string            `json:"provider"`
+	Provider    string            `gorm:"column:provider;not null" json:"provider"`
-	Personality DebatePersonality `json:"personality"`
+	Personality DebatePersonality `gorm:"column:personality;not null" json:"personality"`
-	Color       string            `json:"color"`
+	Color       string            `gorm:"column:color;not null" json:"color"`
-	SpeakOrder  int               `json:"speak_order"`
+	SpeakOrder  int               `gorm:"column:speak_order;default:0" json:"speak_order"`
-	CreatedAt   time.Time         `json:"created_at"`
+	CreatedAt   time.Time         `gorm:"column:created_at;autoCreateTime" json:"created_at"`
+}
+
+func (DebateParticipant) TableName() string {
+	return "debate_participants"
 }
 
 // DebateMessage represents a message in the debate
 type DebateMessage struct {
-	ID          string            `json:"id"`
+	ID          string            `gorm:"column:id;primaryKey" json:"id"`
-	SessionID   string            `json:"session_id"`
+	SessionID   string            `gorm:"column:session_id;not null;index" json:"session_id"`
-	Round       int               `json:"round"`
+	Round       int               `gorm:"column:round;not null" json:"round"`
-	AIModelID   string            `json:"ai_model_id"`
+	AIModelID   string            `gorm:"column:ai_model_id;not null" json:"ai_model_id"`
-	AIModelName string            `json:"ai_model_name"`
+	AIModelName string            `gorm:"column:ai_model_name;not null" json:"ai_model_name"`
-	Provider    string            `json:"provider"`
+	Provider    string            `gorm:"column:provider;not null" json:"provider"`
-	Personality DebatePersonality `json:"personality"`
+	Personality DebatePersonality `gorm:"column:personality;not null" json:"personality"`
-	MessageType string            `json:"message_type"` // analysis/rebuttal/final/vote
+	MessageType string            `gorm:"column:message_type;not null" json:"message_type"` // analysis/rebuttal/final/vote
-	Content     string            `json:"content"`
+	Content     string            `gorm:"column:content;not null" json:"content"`
-	Decision    *DebateDecision   `json:"decision,omitempty"`   // Single decision (backward compat)
+	DecisionRaw string            `gorm:"column:decision" json:"-"`                       // JSON string in DB
-	Decisions   []*DebateDecision `json:"decisions,omitempty"`  // Multi-coin decisions
+	Decision    *DebateDecision   `gorm:"-" json:"decision,omitempty"`                    // Parsed for API
-	Confidence  int               `json:"confidence"`
+	Decisions   []*DebateDecision `gorm:"-" json:"decisions,omitempty"`                   // Multi-coin decisions
-	CreatedAt   time.Time         `json:"created_at"`
+	Confidence  int               `gorm:"column:confidence;default:0" json:"confidence"`
+	CreatedAt   time.Time         `gorm:"column:created_at;autoCreateTime" json:"created_at"`
+}
+
+func (DebateMessage) TableName() string {
+	return "debate_messages"
 }
 
 // DebateVote represents a final vote from an AI (can contain multiple coin decisions)
 type DebateVote struct {
-	ID            string            `json:"id"`
+	ID            string            `gorm:"column:id;primaryKey" json:"id"`
-	SessionID     string            `json:"session_id"`
+	SessionID     string            `gorm:"column:session_id;not null;index" json:"session_id"`
-	AIModelID     string            `json:"ai_model_id"`
+	AIModelID     string            `gorm:"column:ai_model_id;not null" json:"ai_model_id"`
-	AIModelName   string            `json:"ai_model_name"`
+	AIModelName   string            `gorm:"column:ai_model_name;not null" json:"ai_model_name"`
-	Action        string            `json:"action"`           // Primary action (backward compat)
+	Action        string            `gorm:"column:action;not null" json:"action"`   // Primary action (backward compat)
-	Symbol        string            `json:"symbol"`           // Primary symbol (backward compat)
+	Symbol        string            `gorm:"column:symbol;not null" json:"symbol"`   // Primary symbol (backward compat)
-	Confidence    int               `json:"confidence"`
+	Confidence    int               `gorm:"column:confidence;default:0" json:"confidence"`
-	Leverage      int               `json:"leverage"`
+	Leverage      int               `gorm:"column:leverage;default:5" json:"leverage"`
-	PositionPct   float64           `json:"position_pct"`
+	PositionPct   float64           `gorm:"column:position_pct;default:0.2" json:"position_pct"`
-	StopLossPct   float64           `json:"stop_loss_pct"`
+	StopLossPct   float64           `gorm:"column:stop_loss_pct;default:0.03" json:"stop_loss_pct"`
-	TakeProfitPct float64           `json:"take_profit_pct"`
+	TakeProfitPct float64           `gorm:"column:take_profit_pct;default:0.06" json:"take_profit_pct"`
-	Reasoning     string            `json:"reasoning"`
+	Reasoning     string            `gorm:"column:reasoning" json:"reasoning"`
-	Decisions     []*DebateDecision `json:"decisions,omitempty"` // Multi-coin decisions
+	Decisions     []*DebateDecision `gorm:"-" json:"decisions,omitempty"` // Multi-coin decisions
-	CreatedAt     time.Time         `json:"created_at"`
+	CreatedAt     time.Time         `gorm:"column:created_at;autoCreateTime" json:"created_at"`
+}
+
+func (DebateVote) TableName() string {
+	return "debate_votes"
 }
 
 // DebateStore handles database operations for debates
 type DebateStore struct {
-	db *sql.DB
+	db *gorm.DB
 }
 
 // NewDebateStore creates a new DebateStore
-func NewDebateStore(db *sql.DB) *DebateStore {
+func NewDebateStore(db *gorm.DB) *DebateStore {
 	return &DebateStore{db: db}
 }
 
-// InitSchema creates the debate tables
+// InitSchema creates the debate tables using GORM AutoMigrate
 func (s *DebateStore) InitSchema() error {
-	schemas := []string{
+	return s.db.AutoMigrate(
-		`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS debate_sessions (
+		&DebateSessionDB{},
-			id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+		&DebateParticipant{},
-			user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+		&DebateMessage{},
-			name TEXT NOT NULL,
+		&DebateVote{},
-			strategy_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+	)
-			status TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'pending',
-			symbol TEXT NOT NULL,
-			max_rounds INTEGER DEFAULT 3,
-			current_round INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
-			interval_minutes INTEGER DEFAULT 5,
-			prompt_variant TEXT DEFAULT 'balanced',
-			final_decision TEXT,
-			auto_execute BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
-			trader_id TEXT,
-			created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-			updated_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-		)`,
-		`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_debate_sessions_user_id ON debate_sessions(user_id)`,
-		`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_debate_sessions_status ON debate_sessions(status)`,
-
-		`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS debate_participants (
-			id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
-			session_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-			ai_model_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-			ai_model_name TEXT NOT NULL,
-			provider TEXT NOT NULL,
-			personality TEXT NOT NULL,
-			color TEXT NOT NULL,
-			speak_order INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
-			created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-			FOREIGN KEY (session_id) REFERENCES debate_sessions(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
-		)`,
-		`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_debate_participants_session ON debate_participants(session_id)`,
-
-		`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS debate_messages (
-			id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
-			session_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-			round INTEGER NOT NULL,
-			ai_model_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-			ai_model_name TEXT NOT NULL,
-			provider TEXT NOT NULL,
-			personality TEXT NOT NULL,
-			message_type TEXT NOT NULL,
-			content TEXT NOT NULL,
-			decision TEXT,
-			confidence INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
-			created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-			FOREIGN KEY (session_id) REFERENCES debate_sessions(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
-		)`,
-		`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_debate_messages_session ON debate_messages(session_id)`,
-		`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_debate_messages_round ON debate_messages(session_id, round)`,
-
-		`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS debate_votes (
-			id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
-			session_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-			ai_model_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-			ai_model_name TEXT NOT NULL,
-			action TEXT NOT NULL,
-			symbol TEXT NOT NULL,
-			confidence INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
-			leverage INTEGER DEFAULT 5,
-			position_pct REAL DEFAULT 0.2,
-			stop_loss_pct REAL DEFAULT 0.03,
-			take_profit_pct REAL DEFAULT 0.06,
-			reasoning TEXT,
-			created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-			FOREIGN KEY (session_id) REFERENCES debate_sessions(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
-		)`,
-		`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_debate_votes_session ON debate_votes(session_id)`,
-
-		// Trigger to update updated_at
-		`CREATE TRIGGER IF NOT EXISTS update_debate_sessions_timestamp
-		 AFTER UPDATE ON debate_sessions
-		 FOR EACH ROW
-		 BEGIN
-			UPDATE debate_sessions SET updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP WHERE id = OLD.id;
-		 END`,
-	}
-
-	for _, schema := range schemas {
-		if _, err := s.db.Exec(schema); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create debate schema: %w", err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Migrate: Add new columns to existing tables (ignore errors if columns already exist)
-	migrations := []string{
-		`ALTER TABLE debate_sessions ADD COLUMN interval_minutes INTEGER DEFAULT 5`,
-		`ALTER TABLE debate_sessions ADD COLUMN prompt_variant TEXT DEFAULT 'balanced'`,
-		`ALTER TABLE debate_sessions ADD COLUMN trader_id TEXT`,
-		`ALTER TABLE debate_sessions ADD COLUMN enable_oi_ranking BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0`,
-		`ALTER TABLE debate_sessions ADD COLUMN oi_ranking_limit INTEGER DEFAULT 10`,
-		`ALTER TABLE debate_sessions ADD COLUMN oi_duration TEXT DEFAULT '1h'`,
-		`ALTER TABLE debate_votes ADD COLUMN leverage INTEGER DEFAULT 5`,
-		`ALTER TABLE debate_votes ADD COLUMN position_pct REAL DEFAULT 0.2`,
-		`ALTER TABLE debate_votes ADD COLUMN stop_loss_pct REAL DEFAULT 0.03`,
-		`ALTER TABLE debate_votes ADD COLUMN take_profit_pct REAL DEFAULT 0.06`,
-	}
-
-	for _, migration := range migrations {
-		// Ignore errors - column may already exist
-		s.db.Exec(migration)
-	}
-
-	return nil
 }
 
 // CreateSession creates a new debate session
@@ -279,227 +263,73 @@ func (s *DebateStore) CreateSession(session *DebateSession) error {
 	if session.OIDuration == "" {
 		session.OIDuration = "1h"
 	}
-	session.CreatedAt = time.Now()
-	session.UpdatedAt = time.Now()
 
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	db := &DebateSessionDB{
-		INSERT INTO debate_sessions (id, user_id, name, strategy_id, status, symbol, max_rounds, current_round, interval_minutes, prompt_variant, auto_execute, trader_id, enable_oi_ranking, oi_ranking_limit, oi_duration, created_at, updated_at)
+		ID:              session.ID,
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
+		UserID:          session.UserID,
-		session.ID, session.UserID, session.Name, session.StrategyID, session.Status,
+		Name:            session.Name,
-		session.Symbol, session.MaxRounds, session.CurrentRound, session.IntervalMinutes, session.PromptVariant,
+		StrategyID:      session.StrategyID,
-		session.AutoExecute, session.TraderID, session.EnableOIRanking, session.OIRankingLimit, session.OIDuration,
+		Status:          session.Status,
-		session.CreatedAt, session.UpdatedAt,
+		Symbol:          session.Symbol,
-	)
+		MaxRounds:       session.MaxRounds,
-	return err
+		CurrentRound:    session.CurrentRound,
+		IntervalMinutes: session.IntervalMinutes,
+		PromptVariant:   session.PromptVariant,
+		AutoExecute:     session.AutoExecute,
+		TraderID:        session.TraderID,
+		EnableOIRanking: session.EnableOIRanking,
+		OIRankingLimit:  session.OIRankingLimit,
+		OIDuration:      session.OIDuration,
+	}
+
+	return s.db.Create(db).Error
 }
 
 // GetSession gets a debate session by ID
 func (s *DebateStore) GetSession(id string) (*DebateSession, error) {
-	var session DebateSession
+	var db DebateSessionDB
-	var finalDecisionJSON sql.NullString
+	if err := s.db.Where("id = ?", id).First(&db).Error; err != nil {
-	var traderID sql.NullString
+		return nil, err
-	var intervalMinutes sql.NullInt64
-	var promptVariant sql.NullString
-	var enableOIRanking sql.NullBool
-	var oiRankingLimit sql.NullInt64
-	var oiDuration sql.NullString
-
-	// Try new schema first
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, strategy_id, status, symbol, max_rounds, current_round,
-		       interval_minutes, prompt_variant, final_decision, auto_execute, trader_id,
-		       enable_oi_ranking, oi_ranking_limit, oi_duration, created_at, updated_at
-		FROM debate_sessions WHERE id = ?`, id,
-	).Scan(
-		&session.ID, &session.UserID, &session.Name, &session.StrategyID,
-		&session.Status, &session.Symbol, &session.MaxRounds, &session.CurrentRound,
-		&intervalMinutes, &promptVariant,
-		&finalDecisionJSON, &session.AutoExecute, &traderID,
-		&enableOIRanking, &oiRankingLimit, &oiDuration, &session.CreatedAt, &session.UpdatedAt,
-	)
-
-	// Fallback to basic schema if new columns don't exist
-	if err != nil {
-		err = s.db.QueryRow(`
-			SELECT id, user_id, name, strategy_id, status, symbol, max_rounds, current_round,
-			       final_decision, auto_execute, created_at, updated_at
-			FROM debate_sessions WHERE id = ?`, id,
-		).Scan(
-			&session.ID, &session.UserID, &session.Name, &session.StrategyID,
-			&session.Status, &session.Symbol, &session.MaxRounds, &session.CurrentRound,
-			&finalDecisionJSON, &session.AutoExecute, &session.CreatedAt, &session.UpdatedAt,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		// Set defaults for new fields
-		session.IntervalMinutes = 5
-		session.PromptVariant = "balanced"
-		session.OIRankingLimit = 10
-		session.OIDuration = "1h"
-	} else {
-		// Set defaults for nullable fields
-		session.IntervalMinutes = 5
-		if intervalMinutes.Valid {
-			session.IntervalMinutes = int(intervalMinutes.Int64)
-		}
-		session.PromptVariant = "balanced"
-		if promptVariant.Valid {
-			session.PromptVariant = promptVariant.String
-		}
-		if traderID.Valid {
-			session.TraderID = traderID.String
-		}
-		if enableOIRanking.Valid {
-			session.EnableOIRanking = enableOIRanking.Bool
-		}
-		session.OIRankingLimit = 10
-		if oiRankingLimit.Valid {
-			session.OIRankingLimit = int(oiRankingLimit.Int64)
-		}
-		session.OIDuration = "1h"
-		if oiDuration.Valid {
-			session.OIDuration = oiDuration.String
-		}
 	}
-
+	return db.toSession(), nil
-	if finalDecisionJSON.Valid && finalDecisionJSON.String != "" {
-		var decision DebateDecision
-		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(finalDecisionJSON.String), &decision); err == nil {
-			session.FinalDecision = &decision
-		}
-	}
-
-	return &session, nil
 }
 
 // GetSessionsByUser gets all debate sessions for a user
 func (s *DebateStore) GetSessionsByUser(userID string) ([]*DebateSession, error) {
-	// First try the new schema with all columns
+	var dbs []DebateSessionDB
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	if err := s.db.Where("user_id = ?", userID).Order("created_at DESC").Find(&dbs).Error; err != nil {
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, strategy_id, status, symbol, max_rounds, current_round,
+		return nil, err
-		       interval_minutes, prompt_variant, final_decision, auto_execute, trader_id, created_at, updated_at
-		FROM debate_sessions WHERE user_id = ? ORDER BY created_at DESC`, userID,
-	)
-
-	// If query fails (likely due to missing columns), try basic query
-	if err != nil {
-		return s.getSessionsByUserBasic(userID)
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
 
-	var sessions []*DebateSession
+	sessions := make([]*DebateSession, len(dbs))
-	for rows.Next() {
+	for i, db := range dbs {
-		var session DebateSession
+		sessions[i] = db.toSession()
-		var finalDecisionJSON sql.NullString
-		var traderID sql.NullString
-		var intervalMinutes sql.NullInt64
-		var promptVariant sql.NullString
-
-		if err := rows.Scan(
-			&session.ID, &session.UserID, &session.Name, &session.StrategyID,
-			&session.Status, &session.Symbol, &session.MaxRounds, &session.CurrentRound,
-			&intervalMinutes, &promptVariant,
-			&finalDecisionJSON, &session.AutoExecute, &traderID, &session.CreatedAt, &session.UpdatedAt,
-		); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		// Set defaults for nullable fields
-		session.IntervalMinutes = 5
-		if intervalMinutes.Valid {
-			session.IntervalMinutes = int(intervalMinutes.Int64)
-		}
-		session.PromptVariant = "balanced"
-		if promptVariant.Valid {
-			session.PromptVariant = promptVariant.String
-		}
-
-		if finalDecisionJSON.Valid && finalDecisionJSON.String != "" {
-			var decision DebateDecision
-			if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(finalDecisionJSON.String), &decision); err == nil {
-				session.FinalDecision = &decision
-			}
-		}
-		if traderID.Valid {
-			session.TraderID = traderID.String
-		}
-
-		sessions = append(sessions, &session)
 	}
 	return sessions, nil
 }
 
 // ListAllSessions returns all debate sessions (for cleanup on startup)
 func (s *DebateStore) ListAllSessions() ([]*DebateSession, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`SELECT id, status FROM debate_sessions`)
+	var dbs []DebateSessionDB
-	if err != nil {
+	if err := s.db.Select("id, status").Find(&dbs).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
 
-	var sessions []*DebateSession
+	sessions := make([]*DebateSession, len(dbs))
-	for rows.Next() {
+	for i, db := range dbs {
-		var session DebateSession
+		sessions[i] = &DebateSession{ID: db.ID, Status: db.Status}
-		if err := rows.Scan(&session.ID, &session.Status); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		sessions = append(sessions, &session)
-	}
-	return sessions, nil
-}
-
-// getSessionsByUserBasic is a fallback for old schema without new columns
-func (s *DebateStore) getSessionsByUserBasic(userID string) ([]*DebateSession, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, strategy_id, status, symbol, max_rounds, current_round,
-		       final_decision, auto_execute, created_at, updated_at
-		FROM debate_sessions WHERE user_id = ? ORDER BY created_at DESC`, userID,
-	)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
-	var sessions []*DebateSession
-	for rows.Next() {
-		var session DebateSession
-		var finalDecisionJSON sql.NullString
-
-		if err := rows.Scan(
-			&session.ID, &session.UserID, &session.Name, &session.StrategyID,
-			&session.Status, &session.Symbol, &session.MaxRounds, &session.CurrentRound,
-			&finalDecisionJSON, &session.AutoExecute, &session.CreatedAt, &session.UpdatedAt,
-		); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		// Set defaults for new fields
-		session.IntervalMinutes = 5
-		session.PromptVariant = "balanced"
-
-		if finalDecisionJSON.Valid && finalDecisionJSON.String != "" {
-			var decision DebateDecision
-			if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(finalDecisionJSON.String), &decision); err == nil {
-				session.FinalDecision = &decision
-			}
-		}
-
-		sessions = append(sessions, &session)
 	}
 	return sessions, nil
 }
 
 // UpdateSessionStatus updates the status of a debate session
 func (s *DebateStore) UpdateSessionStatus(id string, status DebateStatus) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`UPDATE debate_sessions SET status = ? WHERE id = ?`, status, id)
+	return s.db.Model(&DebateSessionDB{}).Where("id = ?", id).Update("status", status).Error
-	return err
 }
 
 // UpdateSessionRound updates the current round of a debate session
 func (s *DebateStore) UpdateSessionRound(id string, round int) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`UPDATE debate_sessions SET current_round = ? WHERE id = ?`, round, id)
+	return s.db.Model(&DebateSessionDB{}).Where("id = ?", id).Update("current_round", round).Error
-	return err
 }
 
 // UpdateSessionFinalDecision updates the final decision of a debate session (single decision)
@@ -508,30 +338,31 @@ func (s *DebateStore) UpdateSessionFinalDecision(id string, decision *DebateDeci
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = s.db.Exec(`UPDATE debate_sessions SET final_decision = ?, status = ? WHERE id = ?`,
+	return s.db.Model(&DebateSessionDB{}).Where("id = ?", id).Updates(map[string]interface{}{
-		string(decisionJSON), DebateStatusCompleted, id)
+		"final_decision": string(decisionJSON),
-	return err
+		"status":         DebateStatusCompleted,
+	}).Error
 }
 
 // UpdateSessionFinalDecisions updates both single and multi-coin final decisions
 func (s *DebateStore) UpdateSessionFinalDecisions(id string, primaryDecision *DebateDecision, allDecisions []*DebateDecision) error {
-	// Always store primary decision as a single object (for backward compat)
-	// This ensures GetSession can deserialize it correctly
 	primaryJSON, err := json.Marshal(primaryDecision)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-
+	return s.db.Model(&DebateSessionDB{}).Where("id = ?", id).Updates(map[string]interface{}{
-	// Update final_decision with primary decision and set status to completed
+		"final_decision": string(primaryJSON),
-	_, err = s.db.Exec(`UPDATE debate_sessions SET final_decision = ?, status = ? WHERE id = ?`,
+		"status":         DebateStatusCompleted,
-		string(primaryJSON), DebateStatusCompleted, id)
+	}).Error
-	return err
 }
 
 // DeleteSession deletes a debate session and all related data
 func (s *DebateStore) DeleteSession(id string) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`DELETE FROM debate_sessions WHERE id = ?`, id)
+	// Delete related data first
-	return err
+	s.db.Where("session_id = ?", id).Delete(&DebateParticipant{})
+	s.db.Where("session_id = ?", id).Delete(&DebateMessage{})
+	s.db.Where("session_id = ?", id).Delete(&DebateVote{})
+	return s.db.Where("id = ?", id).Delete(&DebateSessionDB{}).Error
 }
 
 // AddParticipant adds a participant to a debate session
@@ -539,9 +370,6 @@ func (s *DebateStore) AddParticipant(participant *DebateParticipant) error {
 	if participant.ID == "" {
 		participant.ID = uuid.New().String()
 	}
-	participant.CreatedAt = time.Now()
-
-	// Set color based on personality if not provided
 	if participant.Color == "" {
 		if color, ok := PersonalityColors[participant.Personality]; ok {
 			participant.Color = color
@@ -549,39 +377,14 @@ func (s *DebateStore) AddParticipant(participant *DebateParticipant) error {
 			participant.Color = "#6B7280" // Default gray
 		}
 	}
-
+	return s.db.Create(participant).Error
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
-		INSERT INTO debate_participants (id, session_id, ai_model_id, ai_model_name, provider, personality, color, speak_order, created_at)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
-		participant.ID, participant.SessionID, participant.AIModelID, participant.AIModelName,
-		participant.Provider, participant.Personality, participant.Color, participant.SpeakOrder, participant.CreatedAt,
-	)
-	return err
 }
 
 // GetParticipants gets all participants for a debate session
 func (s *DebateStore) GetParticipants(sessionID string) ([]*DebateParticipant, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
-		SELECT id, session_id, ai_model_id, ai_model_name, provider, personality, color, speak_order, created_at
-		FROM debate_participants WHERE session_id = ? ORDER BY speak_order`, sessionID,
-	)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
 	var participants []*DebateParticipant
-	for rows.Next() {
+	err := s.db.Where("session_id = ?", sessionID).Order("speak_order").Find(&participants).Error
-		var p DebateParticipant
+	return participants, err
-		if err := rows.Scan(
-			&p.ID, &p.SessionID, &p.AIModelID, &p.AIModelName,
-			&p.Provider, &p.Personality, &p.Color, &p.SpeakOrder, &p.CreatedAt,
-		); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		participants = append(participants, &p)
-	}
-	return participants, nil
 }
 
 // AddMessage adds a message to a debate session
@@ -589,95 +392,52 @@ func (s *DebateStore) AddMessage(msg *DebateMessage) error {
 	if msg.ID == "" {
 		msg.ID = uuid.New().String()
 	}
-	msg.CreatedAt = time.Now()
-
-	var decisionJSON sql.NullString
 	if msg.Decision != nil {
 		data, err := json.Marshal(msg.Decision)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		decisionJSON = sql.NullString{String: string(data), Valid: true}
+		msg.DecisionRaw = string(data)
 	}
-
+	return s.db.Create(msg).Error
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
-		INSERT INTO debate_messages (id, session_id, round, ai_model_id, ai_model_name, provider, personality, message_type, content, decision, confidence, created_at)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
-		msg.ID, msg.SessionID, msg.Round, msg.AIModelID, msg.AIModelName,
-		msg.Provider, msg.Personality, msg.MessageType, msg.Content,
-		decisionJSON, msg.Confidence, msg.CreatedAt,
-	)
-	return err
 }
 
 // GetMessages gets all messages for a debate session
 func (s *DebateStore) GetMessages(sessionID string) ([]*DebateMessage, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var messages []*DebateMessage
-		SELECT id, session_id, round, ai_model_id, ai_model_name, provider, personality, message_type, content, decision, confidence, created_at
+	err := s.db.Where("session_id = ?", sessionID).Order("round, created_at").Find(&messages).Error
-		FROM debate_messages WHERE session_id = ? ORDER BY round, created_at`, sessionID,
-	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
 
-	var messages []*DebateMessage
+	// Parse decision JSON
-	for rows.Next() {
+	for _, msg := range messages {
-		var msg DebateMessage
+		if msg.DecisionRaw != "" {
-		var decisionJSON sql.NullString
-
-		if err := rows.Scan(
-			&msg.ID, &msg.SessionID, &msg.Round, &msg.AIModelID, &msg.AIModelName,
-			&msg.Provider, &msg.Personality, &msg.MessageType, &msg.Content,
-			&decisionJSON, &msg.Confidence, &msg.CreatedAt,
-		); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		if decisionJSON.Valid && decisionJSON.String != "" {
 			var decision DebateDecision
-			if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(decisionJSON.String), &decision); err == nil {
+			if json.Unmarshal([]byte(msg.DecisionRaw), &decision) == nil {
 				msg.Decision = &decision
 			}
 		}
-
-		messages = append(messages, &msg)
 	}
 	return messages, nil
 }
 
 // GetMessagesByRound gets messages for a specific round
 func (s *DebateStore) GetMessagesByRound(sessionID string, round int) ([]*DebateMessage, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var messages []*DebateMessage
-		SELECT id, session_id, round, ai_model_id, ai_model_name, provider, personality, message_type, content, decision, confidence, created_at
+	err := s.db.Where("session_id = ? AND round = ?", sessionID, round).Order("created_at").Find(&messages).Error
-		FROM debate_messages WHERE session_id = ? AND round = ? ORDER BY created_at`, sessionID, round,
-	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
 
-	var messages []*DebateMessage
+	// Parse decision JSON
-	for rows.Next() {
+	for _, msg := range messages {
-		var msg DebateMessage
+		if msg.DecisionRaw != "" {
-		var decisionJSON sql.NullString
-
-		if err := rows.Scan(
-			&msg.ID, &msg.SessionID, &msg.Round, &msg.AIModelID, &msg.AIModelName,
-			&msg.Provider, &msg.Personality, &msg.MessageType, &msg.Content,
-			&decisionJSON, &msg.Confidence, &msg.CreatedAt,
-		); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		if decisionJSON.Valid && decisionJSON.String != "" {
 			var decision DebateDecision
-			if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(decisionJSON.String), &decision); err == nil {
+			if json.Unmarshal([]byte(msg.DecisionRaw), &decision) == nil {
 				msg.Decision = &decision
 			}
 		}
-
-		messages = append(messages, &msg)
 	}
 	return messages, nil
 }
@@ -687,40 +447,14 @@ func (s *DebateStore) AddVote(vote *DebateVote) error {
 	if vote.ID == "" {
 		vote.ID = uuid.New().String()
 	}
-	vote.CreatedAt = time.Now()
+	return s.db.Create(vote).Error
-
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
-		INSERT INTO debate_votes (id, session_id, ai_model_id, ai_model_name, action, symbol, confidence, leverage, position_pct, stop_loss_pct, take_profit_pct, reasoning, created_at)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
-		vote.ID, vote.SessionID, vote.AIModelID, vote.AIModelName,
-		vote.Action, vote.Symbol, vote.Confidence, vote.Leverage, vote.PositionPct, vote.StopLossPct, vote.TakeProfitPct, vote.Reasoning, vote.CreatedAt,
-	)
-	return err
 }
 
 // GetVotes gets all votes for a debate session
 func (s *DebateStore) GetVotes(sessionID string) ([]*DebateVote, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
-		SELECT id, session_id, ai_model_id, ai_model_name, action, symbol, confidence, leverage, position_pct, stop_loss_pct, take_profit_pct, reasoning, created_at
-		FROM debate_votes WHERE session_id = ? ORDER BY created_at`, sessionID,
-	)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
 	var votes []*DebateVote
-	for rows.Next() {
+	err := s.db.Where("session_id = ?", sessionID).Order("created_at").Find(&votes).Error
-		var vote DebateVote
+	return votes, err
-		if err := rows.Scan(
-			&vote.ID, &vote.SessionID, &vote.AIModelID, &vote.AIModelName,
-			&vote.Action, &vote.Symbol, &vote.Confidence, &vote.Leverage, &vote.PositionPct, &vote.StopLossPct, &vote.TakeProfitPct, &vote.Reasoning, &vote.CreatedAt,
-		); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		votes = append(votes, &vote)
-	}
-	return votes, nil
 }
 
 // DebateSessionWithDetails combines session with participants and messages

store/decision.go

@@ -1,18 +1,41 @@
 package store
 
 import (
-	"database/sql"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
 // DecisionStore decision log storage
 type DecisionStore struct {
-	db *sql.DB
+	db *gorm.DB
 }
 
-// DecisionRecord decision record
+// DecisionRecordDB internal GORM model for decision_records table
+type DecisionRecordDB struct {
+	ID                  int64     `gorm:"primaryKey;autoIncrement"`
+	TraderID            string    `gorm:"column:trader_id;not null;index:idx_decision_records_trader_time"`
+	CycleNumber         int       `gorm:"column:cycle_number;not null"`
+	Timestamp           time.Time `gorm:"not null;index:idx_decision_records_trader_time,sort:desc;index:idx_decision_records_timestamp,sort:desc"`
+	SystemPrompt        string    `gorm:"column:system_prompt;default:''"`
+	InputPrompt         string    `gorm:"column:input_prompt;default:''"`
+	CoTTrace            string    `gorm:"column:cot_trace;default:''"`
+	DecisionJSON        string    `gorm:"column:decision_json;default:''"`
+	RawResponse         string    `gorm:"column:raw_response;default:''"`
+	CandidateCoins      string    `gorm:"column:candidate_coins;default:''"`
+	ExecutionLog        string    `gorm:"column:execution_log;default:''"`
+	Decisions           string    `gorm:"column:decisions;default:'[]'"`
+	Success             bool      `gorm:"default:false"`
+	ErrorMessage        string    `gorm:"column:error_message;default:''"`
+	AIRequestDurationMs int64     `gorm:"column:ai_request_duration_ms;default:0"`
+	CreatedAt           time.Time `json:"created_at"`
+}
+
+func (DecisionRecordDB) TableName() string { return "decision_records" }
+
+// DecisionRecord decision record (external API struct)
 type DecisionRecord struct {
 	ID                  int64              `json:"id"`
 	TraderID            string             `json:"trader_id"`
@@ -81,49 +104,47 @@ type Statistics struct {
 	TotalClosePositions int `json:"total_close_positions"`
 }
 
-// initTables initializes AI decision log tables
+// NewDecisionStore creates a new DecisionStore
-// Note: Account equity curve data has been migrated to trader_equity_snapshots table (managed by EquityStore)
+func NewDecisionStore(db *gorm.DB) *DecisionStore {
-func (s *DecisionStore) initTables() error {
+	return &DecisionStore{db: db}
-	queries := []string{
-		// AI decision log table (records AI input/output, chain of thought, etc.)
-		`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS decision_records (
-			id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-			trader_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-			cycle_number INTEGER NOT NULL,
-			timestamp DATETIME NOT NULL,
-			system_prompt TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			input_prompt TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			cot_trace TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			decision_json TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			raw_response TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			candidate_coins TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			execution_log TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			success BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
-			error_message TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			ai_request_duration_ms INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
-			created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-		)`,
-		// Indexes
-		`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_decision_records_trader_time ON decision_records(trader_id, timestamp DESC)`,
-		`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_decision_records_timestamp ON decision_records(timestamp DESC)`,
-	}
-
-	for _, query := range queries {
-		if _, err := s.db.Exec(query); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to execute SQL: %w", err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Migration: add raw_response column if not exists
-	s.db.Exec(`ALTER TABLE decision_records ADD COLUMN raw_response TEXT DEFAULT ''`)
-
-	// Migration: add decisions column if not exists
-	s.db.Exec(`ALTER TABLE decision_records ADD COLUMN decisions TEXT DEFAULT '[]'`)
-
-	return nil
 }
 
-// LogDecision logs decision (only saves AI decision log, equity curve has been migrated to equity table)
+// initTables initializes AI decision log tables
+func (s *DecisionStore) initTables() error {
+	// For PostgreSQL with existing table, skip AutoMigrate
+	if s.db.Dialector.Name() == "postgres" {
+		var tableExists int64
+		s.db.Raw(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'decision_records'`).Scan(&tableExists)
+		if tableExists > 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+	return s.db.AutoMigrate(&DecisionRecordDB{})
+}
+
+// toRecord converts DB model to API struct
+func (db *DecisionRecordDB) toRecord() *DecisionRecord {
+	record := &DecisionRecord{
+		ID:                  db.ID,
+		TraderID:            db.TraderID,
+		CycleNumber:         db.CycleNumber,
+		Timestamp:           db.Timestamp,
+		SystemPrompt:        db.SystemPrompt,
+		InputPrompt:         db.InputPrompt,
+		CoTTrace:            db.CoTTrace,
+		DecisionJSON:        db.DecisionJSON,
+		RawResponse:         db.RawResponse,
+		Success:             db.Success,
+		ErrorMessage:        db.ErrorMessage,
+		AIRequestDurationMs: db.AIRequestDurationMs,
+	}
+	json.Unmarshal([]byte(db.CandidateCoins), &record.CandidateCoins)
+	json.Unmarshal([]byte(db.ExecutionLog), &record.ExecutionLog)
+	json.Unmarshal([]byte(db.Decisions), &record.Decisions)
+	return record
+}
+
+// LogDecision logs decision
 func (s *DecisionStore) LogDecision(record *DecisionRecord) error {
 	if record.Timestamp.IsZero() {
 		record.Timestamp = time.Now().UTC()
@@ -131,65 +152,49 @@ func (s *DecisionStore) LogDecision(record *DecisionRecord) error {
 		record.Timestamp = record.Timestamp.UTC()
 	}
 
-	// Serialize candidate coins, execution log and decisions to JSON
+	// Serialize arrays to JSON
 	candidateCoinsJSON, _ := json.Marshal(record.CandidateCoins)
 	executionLogJSON, _ := json.Marshal(record.ExecutionLog)
 	decisionsJSON, _ := json.Marshal(record.Decisions)
 
-	// Insert decision record main table (only save AI decision related content)
+	dbRecord := &DecisionRecordDB{
-	result, err := s.db.Exec(`
+		TraderID:            record.TraderID,
-		INSERT INTO decision_records (
+		CycleNumber:         record.CycleNumber,
-			trader_id, cycle_number, timestamp, system_prompt, input_prompt,
+		Timestamp:           record.Timestamp,
-			cot_trace, decision_json, raw_response, candidate_coins, execution_log,
+		SystemPrompt:        record.SystemPrompt,
-			decisions, success, error_message, ai_request_duration_ms
+		InputPrompt:         record.InputPrompt,
-		) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+		CoTTrace:            record.CoTTrace,
-	`,
+		DecisionJSON:        record.DecisionJSON,
-		record.TraderID, record.CycleNumber, record.Timestamp.Format(time.RFC3339),
+		RawResponse:         record.RawResponse,
-		record.SystemPrompt, record.InputPrompt, record.CoTTrace, record.DecisionJSON,
+		CandidateCoins:      string(candidateCoinsJSON),
-		record.RawResponse, string(candidateCoinsJSON), string(executionLogJSON),
+		ExecutionLog:        string(executionLogJSON),
-		string(decisionsJSON), record.Success, record.ErrorMessage, record.AIRequestDurationMs,
+		Decisions:           string(decisionsJSON),
-	)
+		Success:             record.Success,
-	if err != nil {
+		ErrorMessage:        record.ErrorMessage,
+		AIRequestDurationMs: record.AIRequestDurationMs,
+	}
+
+	if err := s.db.Create(dbRecord).Error; err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to insert decision record: %w", err)
 	}
-
+	record.ID = dbRecord.ID
-	decisionID, err := result.LastInsertId()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get decision ID: %w", err)
-	}
-	record.ID = decisionID
-
 	return nil
 }
 
 // GetLatestRecords gets the latest N records for specified trader (sorted by time in ascending order: old to new)
 func (s *DecisionStore) GetLatestRecords(traderID string, n int) ([]*DecisionRecord, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var dbRecords []*DecisionRecordDB
-		SELECT id, trader_id, cycle_number, timestamp, system_prompt, input_prompt,
+	err := s.db.Where("trader_id = ?", traderID).
-			   cot_trace, decision_json, candidate_coins, execution_log,
+		Order("timestamp DESC").
-			   COALESCE(decisions, '[]'), success, error_message, ai_request_duration_ms
+		Limit(n).
-		FROM decision_records
+		Find(&dbRecords).Error
-		WHERE trader_id = ?
-		ORDER BY timestamp DESC
-		LIMIT ?
-	`, traderID, n)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query decision records: %w", err)
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
 
-	var records []*DecisionRecord
+	records := make([]*DecisionRecord, len(dbRecords))
-	for rows.Next() {
+	for i, db := range dbRecords {
-		record, err := s.scanDecisionRecord(rows)
+		records[i] = db.toRecord()
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		records = append(records, record)
-	}
-
-	// Fill associated data
-	for _, record := range records {
-		s.fillRecordDetails(record)
 	}
 
 	// Reverse array to sort time from old to new
@@ -202,26 +207,15 @@ func (s *DecisionStore) GetLatestRecords(traderID string, n int) ([]*DecisionRec
 
 // GetAllLatestRecords gets the latest N records for all traders
 func (s *DecisionStore) GetAllLatestRecords(n int) ([]*DecisionRecord, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var dbRecords []*DecisionRecordDB
-		SELECT id, trader_id, cycle_number, timestamp, system_prompt, input_prompt,
+	err := s.db.Order("timestamp DESC").Limit(n).Find(&dbRecords).Error
-			   cot_trace, decision_json, candidate_coins, execution_log,
-			   COALESCE(decisions, '[]'), success, error_message, ai_request_duration_ms
-		FROM decision_records
-		ORDER BY timestamp DESC
-		LIMIT ?
-	`, n)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query decision records: %w", err)
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
 
-	var records []*DecisionRecord
+	records := make([]*DecisionRecord, len(dbRecords))
-	for rows.Next() {
+	for i, db := range dbRecords {
-		record, err := s.scanDecisionRecord(rows)
+		records[i] = db.toRecord()
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		records = append(records, record)
 	}
 
 	// Reverse array
@@ -236,26 +230,17 @@ func (s *DecisionStore) GetAllLatestRecords(n int) ([]*DecisionRecord, error) {
 func (s *DecisionStore) GetRecordsByDate(traderID string, date time.Time) ([]*DecisionRecord, error) {
 	dateStr := date.Format("2006-01-02")
 
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var dbRecords []*DecisionRecordDB
-		SELECT id, trader_id, cycle_number, timestamp, system_prompt, input_prompt,
+	err := s.db.Where("trader_id = ? AND DATE(timestamp) = ?", traderID, dateStr).
-			   cot_trace, decision_json, candidate_coins, execution_log,
+		Order("timestamp ASC").
-			   COALESCE(decisions, '[]'), success, error_message, ai_request_duration_ms
+		Find(&dbRecords).Error
-		FROM decision_records
-		WHERE trader_id = ? AND DATE(timestamp) = ?
-		ORDER BY timestamp ASC
-	`, traderID, dateStr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query decision records: %w", err)
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
 
-	var records []*DecisionRecord
+	records := make([]*DecisionRecord, len(dbRecords))
-	for rows.Next() {
+	for i, db := range dbRecords {
-		record, err := s.scanDecisionRecord(rows)
+		records[i] = db.toRecord()
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		records = append(records, record)
 	}
 
 	return records, nil
@@ -263,48 +248,31 @@ func (s *DecisionStore) GetRecordsByDate(traderID string, date time.Time) ([]*De
 
 // CleanOldRecords cleans old records from N days ago
 func (s *DecisionStore) CleanOldRecords(traderID string, days int) (int64, error) {
-	cutoffTime := time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -days).Format(time.RFC3339)
+	cutoffTime := time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -days)
 
-	result, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	result := s.db.Where("trader_id = ? AND timestamp < ?", traderID, cutoffTime).
-		DELETE FROM decision_records
+		Delete(&DecisionRecordDB{})
-		WHERE trader_id = ? AND timestamp < ?
+	if result.Error != nil {
-	`, traderID, cutoffTime)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to clean old records: %w", result.Error)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to clean old records: %w", err)
 	}
-
+	return result.RowsAffected, nil
-	return result.RowsAffected()
 }
 
 // GetStatistics gets statistics information for specified trader
 func (s *DecisionStore) GetStatistics(traderID string) (*Statistics, error) {
 	stats := &Statistics{}
 
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
+	var totalCount, successCount int64
-		SELECT COUNT(*) FROM decision_records WHERE trader_id = ?
+	s.db.Model(&DecisionRecordDB{}).Where("trader_id = ?", traderID).Count(&totalCount)
-	`, traderID).Scan(&stats.TotalCycles)
+	s.db.Model(&DecisionRecordDB{}).Where("trader_id = ? AND success = ?", traderID, true).Count(&successCount)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query total cycles: %w", err)
-	}
 
-	err = s.db.QueryRow(`
+	stats.TotalCycles = int(totalCount)
-		SELECT COUNT(*) FROM decision_records WHERE trader_id = ? AND success = 1
+	stats.SuccessfulCycles = int(successCount)
-	`, traderID).Scan(&stats.SuccessfulCycles)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query successful cycles: %w", err)
-	}
 	stats.FailedCycles = stats.TotalCycles - stats.SuccessfulCycles
 
-	// Count from trader_positions table
+	// Count from trader_positions table using raw query for cross-table
-	s.db.QueryRow(`
+	s.db.Raw("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM trader_positions WHERE trader_id = ?", traderID).Scan(&stats.TotalOpenPositions)
-		SELECT COUNT(*) FROM trader_positions
+	s.db.Raw("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM trader_positions WHERE trader_id = ? AND status = 'CLOSED'", traderID).Scan(&stats.TotalClosePositions)
-		WHERE trader_id = ?
-	`, traderID).Scan(&stats.TotalOpenPositions)
-
-	s.db.QueryRow(`
-		SELECT COUNT(*) FROM trader_positions
-		WHERE trader_id = ? AND status = 'CLOSED'
-	`, traderID).Scan(&stats.TotalClosePositions)
 
 	return stats, nil
 }
@@ -313,64 +281,33 @@ func (s *DecisionStore) GetStatistics(traderID string) (*Statistics, error) {
 func (s *DecisionStore) GetAllStatistics() (*Statistics, error) {
 	stats := &Statistics{}
 
-	s.db.QueryRow(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM decision_records`).Scan(&stats.TotalCycles)
+	var totalCount, successCount int64
-	s.db.QueryRow(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM decision_records WHERE success = 1`).Scan(&stats.SuccessfulCycles)
+	s.db.Model(&DecisionRecordDB{}).Count(&totalCount)
+	s.db.Model(&DecisionRecordDB{}).Where("success = ?", true).Count(&successCount)
+
+	stats.TotalCycles = int(totalCount)
+	stats.SuccessfulCycles = int(successCount)
 	stats.FailedCycles = stats.TotalCycles - stats.SuccessfulCycles
 
 	// Count from trader_positions table
-	s.db.QueryRow(`
+	s.db.Raw("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM trader_positions").Scan(&stats.TotalOpenPositions)
-		SELECT COUNT(*) FROM trader_positions
+	s.db.Raw("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM trader_positions WHERE status = 'CLOSED'").Scan(&stats.TotalClosePositions)
-	`).Scan(&stats.TotalOpenPositions)
-
-	s.db.QueryRow(`
-		SELECT COUNT(*) FROM trader_positions
-		WHERE status = 'CLOSED'
-	`).Scan(&stats.TotalClosePositions)
 
 	return stats, nil
 }
 
 // GetLastCycleNumber gets the last cycle number for specified trader
 func (s *DecisionStore) GetLastCycleNumber(traderID string) (int, error) {
-	var cycleNumber int
+	var cycleNumber *int
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
+	err := s.db.Model(&DecisionRecordDB{}).
-		SELECT COALESCE(MAX(cycle_number), 0) FROM decision_records WHERE trader_id = ?
+		Where("trader_id = ?", traderID).
-	`, traderID).Scan(&cycleNumber)
+		Select("MAX(cycle_number)").
+		Scan(&cycleNumber).Error
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	return cycleNumber, nil
+	if cycleNumber == nil {
-}
+		return 0, nil
-
-// scanDecisionRecord scans decision record from row
-func (s *DecisionStore) scanDecisionRecord(rows *sql.Rows) (*DecisionRecord, error) {
-	var record DecisionRecord
-	var timestampStr string
-	var candidateCoinsJSON, executionLogJSON, decisionsJSON string
-
-	err := rows.Scan(
-		&record.ID, &record.TraderID, &record.CycleNumber, &timestampStr,
-		&record.SystemPrompt, &record.InputPrompt, &record.CoTTrace,
-		&record.DecisionJSON, &candidateCoinsJSON, &executionLogJSON,
-		&decisionsJSON, &record.Success, &record.ErrorMessage, &record.AIRequestDurationMs,
-	)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
 	}
-
+	return *cycleNumber, nil
-	record.Timestamp, _ = time.Parse(time.RFC3339, timestampStr)
-	json.Unmarshal([]byte(candidateCoinsJSON), &record.CandidateCoins)
-	json.Unmarshal([]byte(executionLogJSON), &record.ExecutionLog)
-	json.Unmarshal([]byte(decisionsJSON), &record.Decisions)
-
-	return &record, nil
-}
-
-// fillRecordDetails fills associated data for decision record (old associated tables removed, this function kept for compatibility)
-// Note: Account snapshot, position snapshot, decision action data are no longer stored in decision related tables
-// - For equity data use EquityStore.GetLatest()
-// - For order data use OrderStore
-func (s *DecisionStore) fillRecordDetails(record *DecisionRecord) {
-	// Old associated tables removed, no longer need to fill
-	// AccountState, Positions, Decisions fields will remain at zero values
 }

store/driver.go

@@ -238,3 +238,44 @@ func getEnv(key, defaultValue string) string {
 	}
 	return defaultValue
 }
+
+// convertQuery converts ? placeholders to $1, $2 for PostgreSQL
+// and handles other database-specific syntax differences
+func convertQuery(query string, dbType DBType) string {
+	if dbType != DBTypePostgres {
+		return query
+	}
+	result := query
+
+	// Convert ? to $1, $2, etc. for PostgreSQL
+	index := 1
+	for strings.Contains(result, "?") {
+		result = strings.Replace(result, "?", fmt.Sprintf("$%d", index), 1)
+		index++
+	}
+
+	// Convert datetime('now') to CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+	result = strings.ReplaceAll(result, "datetime('now')", "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")
+
+	// Remove datetime() wrapper for ORDER BY (PostgreSQL timestamps sort correctly)
+	// This handles patterns like "ORDER BY datetime(column) DESC"
+	result = strings.ReplaceAll(result, "datetime(updated_at)", "updated_at")
+	result = strings.ReplaceAll(result, "datetime(created_at)", "created_at")
+
+	return result
+}
+
+// boolDefault returns database-appropriate boolean default for COALESCE
+// Use in queries like: COALESCE(column, %s)
+func boolDefault(dbType DBType, value bool) string {
+	if dbType == DBTypePostgres {
+		if value {
+			return "TRUE"
+		}
+		return "FALSE"
+	}
+	if value {
+		return "1"
+	}
+	return "0"
+}

store/equity.go

@@ -1,55 +1,48 @@
 package store
 
 import (
-	"database/sql"
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
 // EquityStore account equity storage (for plotting return curves)
 type EquityStore struct {
-	db *sql.DB
+	db *gorm.DB
 }
 
 // EquitySnapshot equity snapshot
 type EquitySnapshot struct {
-	ID            int64     `json:"id"`
+	ID            int64     `gorm:"primaryKey;autoIncrement" json:"id"`
-	TraderID      string    `json:"trader_id"`
+	TraderID      string    `gorm:"column:trader_id;not null;index:idx_equity_trader_time" json:"trader_id"`
-	Timestamp     time.Time `json:"timestamp"`
+	Timestamp     time.Time `gorm:"not null;index:idx_equity_trader_time,sort:desc;index:idx_equity_timestamp,sort:desc" json:"timestamp"`
-	TotalEquity   float64   `json:"total_equity"`    // Account equity (balance + unrealized PnL)
+	TotalEquity   float64   `gorm:"column:total_equity;not null;default:0" json:"total_equity"`
-	Balance       float64   `json:"balance"`         // Account balance
+	Balance       float64   `gorm:"not null;default:0" json:"balance"`
-	UnrealizedPnL float64   `json:"unrealized_pnl"`  // Unrealized profit and loss
+	UnrealizedPnL float64   `gorm:"column:unrealized_pnl;not null;default:0" json:"unrealized_pnl"`
-	PositionCount int       `json:"position_count"`  // Position count
+	PositionCount int       `gorm:"column:position_count;default:0" json:"position_count"`
-	MarginUsedPct float64   `json:"margin_used_pct"` // Margin usage percentage
+	MarginUsedPct float64   `gorm:"column:margin_used_pct;default:0" json:"margin_used_pct"`
+	CreatedAt     time.Time `json:"created_at"`
+}
+
+func (EquitySnapshot) TableName() string { return "trader_equity_snapshots" }
+
+// NewEquityStore creates a new EquityStore
+func NewEquityStore(db *gorm.DB) *EquityStore {
+	return &EquityStore{db: db}
 }
 
 // initTables initializes equity tables
 func (s *EquityStore) initTables() error {
-	queries := []string{
+	// For PostgreSQL with existing table, skip AutoMigrate
-		// Equity snapshot table - specifically for return curves
+	if s.db.Dialector.Name() == "postgres" {
-		`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS trader_equity_snapshots (
+		var tableExists int64
-			id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+		s.db.Raw(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'trader_equity_snapshots'`).Scan(&tableExists)
-			trader_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+		if tableExists > 0 {
-			timestamp DATETIME NOT NULL,
+			return nil
-			total_equity REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-			balance REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-			unrealized_pnl REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-			position_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
-			margin_used_pct REAL DEFAULT 0,
-			created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-		)`,
-		// Indexes
-		`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_equity_trader_time ON trader_equity_snapshots(trader_id, timestamp DESC)`,
-		`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_equity_timestamp ON trader_equity_snapshots(timestamp DESC)`,
-	}
-
-	for _, query := range queries {
-		if _, err := s.db.Exec(query); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to execute SQL: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
-
+	return s.db.AutoMigrate(&EquitySnapshot{})
-	return nil
 }
 
 // Save saves equity snapshot
@@ -60,58 +53,22 @@ func (s *EquityStore) Save(snapshot *EquitySnapshot) error {
 		snapshot.Timestamp = snapshot.Timestamp.UTC()
 	}
 
-	result, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	if err := s.db.Create(snapshot).Error; err != nil {
-		INSERT INTO trader_equity_snapshots (
-			trader_id, timestamp, total_equity, balance,
-			unrealized_pnl, position_count, margin_used_pct
-		) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
-	`,
-		snapshot.TraderID,
-		snapshot.Timestamp.Format(time.RFC3339),
-		snapshot.TotalEquity,
-		snapshot.Balance,
-		snapshot.UnrealizedPnL,
-		snapshot.PositionCount,
-		snapshot.MarginUsedPct,
-	)
-	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to save equity snapshot: %w", err)
 	}
-
-	id, _ := result.LastInsertId()
-	snapshot.ID = id
 	return nil
 }
 
 // GetLatest gets the latest N equity records for specified trader (sorted in ascending chronological order: old to new)
 func (s *EquityStore) GetLatest(traderID string, limit int) ([]*EquitySnapshot, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var snapshots []*EquitySnapshot
-		SELECT id, trader_id, timestamp, total_equity, balance,
+	err := s.db.Where("trader_id = ?", traderID).
-		       unrealized_pnl, position_count, margin_used_pct
+		Order("timestamp DESC").
-		FROM trader_equity_snapshots
+		Limit(limit).
-		WHERE trader_id = ?
+		Find(&snapshots).Error
-		ORDER BY timestamp DESC
-		LIMIT ?
-	`, traderID, limit)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query equity records: %w", err)
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
-	var snapshots []*EquitySnapshot
-	for rows.Next() {
-		snap := &EquitySnapshot{}
-		var timestampStr string
-		err := rows.Scan(
-			&snap.ID, &snap.TraderID, &timestampStr, &snap.TotalEquity,
-			&snap.Balance, &snap.UnrealizedPnL, &snap.PositionCount, &snap.MarginUsedPct,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		snap.Timestamp, _ = time.Parse(time.RFC3339, timestampStr)
-		snapshots = append(snapshots, snap)
-	}
 
 	// Reverse the array to sort time from old to new (suitable for plotting curves)
 	for i, j := 0, len(snapshots)-1; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
@@ -123,116 +80,81 @@ func (s *EquityStore) GetLatest(traderID string, limit int) ([]*EquitySnapshot,
 
 // GetByTimeRange gets equity records within specified time range
 func (s *EquityStore) GetByTimeRange(traderID string, start, end time.Time) ([]*EquitySnapshot, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var snapshots []*EquitySnapshot
-		SELECT id, trader_id, timestamp, total_equity, balance,
+	err := s.db.Where("trader_id = ? AND timestamp >= ? AND timestamp <= ?", traderID, start, end).
-		       unrealized_pnl, position_count, margin_used_pct
+		Order("timestamp ASC").
-		FROM trader_equity_snapshots
+		Find(&snapshots).Error
-		WHERE trader_id = ? AND timestamp >= ? AND timestamp <= ?
-		ORDER BY timestamp ASC
-	`, traderID, start.Format(time.RFC3339), end.Format(time.RFC3339))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query equity records: %w", err)
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
-	var snapshots []*EquitySnapshot
-	for rows.Next() {
-		snap := &EquitySnapshot{}
-		var timestampStr string
-		err := rows.Scan(
-			&snap.ID, &snap.TraderID, &timestampStr, &snap.TotalEquity,
-			&snap.Balance, &snap.UnrealizedPnL, &snap.PositionCount, &snap.MarginUsedPct,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		snap.Timestamp, _ = time.Parse(time.RFC3339, timestampStr)
-		snapshots = append(snapshots, snap)
-	}
-
 	return snapshots, nil
 }
 
 // GetAllTradersLatest gets latest equity for all traders (for leaderboards)
 func (s *EquityStore) GetAllTradersLatest() (map[string]*EquitySnapshot, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	// Use raw SQL for this complex query with subquery
+	var snapshots []*EquitySnapshot
+	err := s.db.Raw(`
 		SELECT e.id, e.trader_id, e.timestamp, e.total_equity, e.balance,
-		       e.unrealized_pnl, e.position_count, e.margin_used_pct
+		       e.unrealized_pnl, e.position_count, e.margin_used_pct, e.created_at
 		FROM trader_equity_snapshots e
 		INNER JOIN (
 			SELECT trader_id, MAX(timestamp) as max_ts
 			FROM trader_equity_snapshots
 			GROUP BY trader_id
 		) latest ON e.trader_id = latest.trader_id AND e.timestamp = latest.max_ts
-	`)
+	`).Scan(&snapshots).Error
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query latest equity: %w", err)
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
 
 	result := make(map[string]*EquitySnapshot)
-	for rows.Next() {
+	for _, snap := range snapshots {
-		snap := &EquitySnapshot{}
-		var timestampStr string
-		err := rows.Scan(
-			&snap.ID, &snap.TraderID, &timestampStr, &snap.TotalEquity,
-			&snap.Balance, &snap.UnrealizedPnL, &snap.PositionCount, &snap.MarginUsedPct,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		snap.Timestamp, _ = time.Parse(time.RFC3339, timestampStr)
 		result[snap.TraderID] = snap
 	}
-
 	return result, nil
 }
 
 // CleanOldRecords cleans old records from N days ago
 func (s *EquityStore) CleanOldRecords(traderID string, days int) (int64, error) {
-	cutoffTime := time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -days).Format(time.RFC3339)
+	cutoffTime := time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -days)
 
-	result, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	result := s.db.Where("trader_id = ? AND timestamp < ?", traderID, cutoffTime).
-		DELETE FROM trader_equity_snapshots
+		Delete(&EquitySnapshot{})
-		WHERE trader_id = ? AND timestamp < ?
+	if result.Error != nil {
-	`, traderID, cutoffTime)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to clean old records: %w", result.Error)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to clean old records: %w", err)
 	}
-
+	return result.RowsAffected, nil
-	return result.RowsAffected()
 }
 
 // GetCount gets record count for specified trader
 func (s *EquityStore) GetCount(traderID string) (int, error) {
-	var count int
+	var count int64
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
+	err := s.db.Model(&EquitySnapshot{}).Where("trader_id = ?", traderID).Count(&count).Error
-		SELECT COUNT(*) FROM trader_equity_snapshots WHERE trader_id = ?
+	return int(count), err
-	`, traderID).Scan(&count)
-	return count, err
 }
 
 // MigrateFromDecision migrates data from old decision_account_snapshots table
 func (s *EquityStore) MigrateFromDecision() (int64, error) {
 	// Check if migration is needed (whether new table is empty)
-	var count int
+	var count int64
-	s.db.QueryRow(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM trader_equity_snapshots`).Scan(&count)
+	s.db.Model(&EquitySnapshot{}).Count(&count)
 	if count > 0 {
 		return 0, nil // Already has data, skip migration
 	}
 
-	// Check if old table exists
+	// Check if old table exists (SQLite specific check, but works for migration)
 	var tableName string
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
+	err := s.db.Raw(`
 		SELECT name FROM sqlite_master
 		WHERE type='table' AND name='decision_account_snapshots'
-	`).Scan(&tableName)
+	`).Scan(&tableName).Error
-	if err != nil {
+	if err != nil || tableName == "" {
 		return 0, nil // Old table doesn't exist, skip
 	}
 
 	// Migrate data: join query from decision_records + decision_account_snapshots
-	result, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	result := s.db.Exec(`
 		INSERT INTO trader_equity_snapshots (
 			trader_id, timestamp, total_equity, balance,
 			unrealized_pnl, position_count, margin_used_pct
@@ -249,9 +171,9 @@ func (s *EquityStore) MigrateFromDecision() (int64, error) {
 		JOIN decision_account_snapshots das ON dr.id = das.decision_id
 		ORDER BY dr.timestamp ASC
 	`)
-	if err != nil {
+	if result.Error != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to migrate data: %w", err)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to migrate data: %w", result.Error)
 	}
 
-	return result.RowsAffected()
+	return result.RowsAffected, nil
 }

store/exchange.go

@@ -1,83 +1,68 @@
 package store
 
 import (
-	"database/sql"
 	"fmt"
+	"nofx/crypto"
 	"nofx/logger"
-	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
 // ExchangeStore exchange storage
 type ExchangeStore struct {
-	db          *sql.DB
+	db *gorm.DB
-	encryptFunc func(string) string
-	decryptFunc func(string) string
 }
 
 // Exchange exchange configuration
 type Exchange struct {
-	ID                      string    `json:"id"`            // UUID
+	ID                      string          `gorm:"primaryKey" json:"id"`
-	ExchangeType            string    `json:"exchange_type"` // "binance", "bybit", "okx", "hyperliquid", "aster", "lighter"
+	ExchangeType            string          `gorm:"column:exchange_type;not null;default:''" json:"exchange_type"`
-	AccountName             string    `json:"account_name"`  // User-defined account name
+	AccountName             string          `gorm:"column:account_name;not null;default:''" json:"account_name"`
-	UserID                  string    `json:"user_id"`
+	UserID                  string          `gorm:"column:user_id;not null;default:default;index" json:"user_id"`
-	Name                    string    `json:"name"` // Display name (auto-generated or user-defined)
+	Name                    string          `gorm:"not null" json:"name"`
-	Type                    string    `json:"type"` // "cex" or "dex"
+	Type                    string          `gorm:"not null" json:"type"` // "cex" or "dex"
-	Enabled                 bool      `json:"enabled"`
+	Enabled                 bool            `gorm:"default:false" json:"enabled"`
-	APIKey                  string    `json:"apiKey"`
+	APIKey                  crypto.EncryptedString `gorm:"column:api_key;default:''" json:"apiKey"`
-	SecretKey               string    `json:"secretKey"`
+	SecretKey               crypto.EncryptedString `gorm:"column:secret_key;default:''" json:"secretKey"`
-	Passphrase              string    `json:"passphrase"` // OKX-specific
+	Passphrase              crypto.EncryptedString `gorm:"column:passphrase;default:''" json:"passphrase"`
-	Testnet                 bool      `json:"testnet"`
+	Testnet                 bool            `gorm:"default:false" json:"testnet"`
-	HyperliquidWalletAddr   string    `json:"hyperliquidWalletAddr"`
+	HyperliquidWalletAddr   string          `gorm:"column:hyperliquid_wallet_addr;default:''" json:"hyperliquidWalletAddr"`
-	AsterUser               string    `json:"asterUser"`
+	AsterUser               string          `gorm:"column:aster_user;default:''" json:"asterUser"`
-	AsterSigner             string    `json:"asterSigner"`
+	AsterSigner             string          `gorm:"column:aster_signer;default:''" json:"asterSigner"`
-	AsterPrivateKey         string    `json:"asterPrivateKey"`
+	AsterPrivateKey         crypto.EncryptedString `gorm:"column:aster_private_key;default:''" json:"asterPrivateKey"`
-	LighterWalletAddr       string    `json:"lighterWalletAddr"`
+	LighterWalletAddr       string          `gorm:"column:lighter_wallet_addr;default:''" json:"lighterWalletAddr"`
-	LighterPrivateKey       string    `json:"lighterPrivateKey"`
+	LighterPrivateKey       crypto.EncryptedString `gorm:"column:lighter_private_key;default:''" json:"lighterPrivateKey"`
-	LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey string    `json:"lighterAPIKeyPrivateKey"`
+	LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey crypto.EncryptedString `gorm:"column:lighter_api_key_private_key;default:''" json:"lighterAPIKeyPrivateKey"`
-	LighterAPIKeyIndex      int       `json:"lighterAPIKeyIndex"`
+	LighterAPIKeyIndex      int             `gorm:"column:lighter_api_key_index;default:0" json:"lighterAPIKeyIndex"`
-	CreatedAt               time.Time `json:"created_at"`
+	CreatedAt               time.Time       `json:"created_at"`
-	UpdatedAt               time.Time `json:"updated_at"`
+	UpdatedAt               time.Time       `json:"updated_at"`
+}
+
+func (Exchange) TableName() string { return "exchanges" }
+
+// NewExchangeStore creates a new ExchangeStore
+func NewExchangeStore(db *gorm.DB) *ExchangeStore {
+	return &ExchangeStore{db: db}
 }
 
 func (s *ExchangeStore) initTables() error {
-	// Create new table structure with UUID as primary key
+	// For PostgreSQL with existing table, skip AutoMigrate
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	if s.db.Dialector.Name() == "postgres" {
-		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS exchanges (
+		var tableExists int64
-			id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+		s.db.Raw(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'exchanges'`).Scan(&tableExists)
-			exchange_type TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+		if tableExists > 0 {
-			account_name TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+			// Still run data migrations
-			user_id TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'default',
+			s.migrateToMultiAccount()
-			name TEXT NOT NULL,
+			s.db.Model(&Exchange{}).Where("account_name = '' OR account_name IS NULL").Update("account_name", "Default")
-			type TEXT NOT NULL,
+			return nil
-			enabled BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
+		}
-			api_key TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			secret_key TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			passphrase TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			testnet BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
-			hyperliquid_wallet_addr TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			aster_user TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			aster_signer TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			aster_private_key TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			lighter_wallet_addr TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			lighter_private_key TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			lighter_api_key_private_key TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			lighter_api_key_index INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
-			created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-			updated_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-		)
-	`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
 	}
 
-	// Migration: add new columns if not exists
+	if err := s.db.AutoMigrate(&Exchange{}); err != nil {
-	s.db.Exec(`ALTER TABLE exchanges ADD COLUMN passphrase TEXT DEFAULT ''`)
+		return err
-	s.db.Exec(`ALTER TABLE exchanges ADD COLUMN exchange_type TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT ''`)
+	}
-	s.db.Exec(`ALTER TABLE exchanges ADD COLUMN account_name TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT ''`)
-	s.db.Exec(`ALTER TABLE exchanges ADD COLUMN lighter_api_key_index INTEGER DEFAULT 0`)
 
 	// Run migration to multi-account if needed
 	if err := s.migrateToMultiAccount(); err != nil {
@@ -85,120 +70,65 @@ func (s *ExchangeStore) initTables() error {
 	}
 
 	// Fix empty account_name for existing records
-	s.db.Exec(`UPDATE exchanges SET account_name = 'Default' WHERE account_name = '' OR account_name IS NULL`)
+	s.db.Model(&Exchange{}).Where("account_name = '' OR account_name IS NULL").Update("account_name", "Default")
 
-	// Update trigger for new schema
+	return nil
-	s.db.Exec(`DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS update_exchanges_updated_at`)
-	_, err = s.db.Exec(`
-		CREATE TRIGGER IF NOT EXISTS update_exchanges_updated_at
-		AFTER UPDATE ON exchanges
-		BEGIN
-			UPDATE exchanges SET updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP WHERE id = NEW.id;
-		END
-	`)
-	return err
 }
 
 // migrateToMultiAccount migrates old schema (id=exchange_type) to new schema (id=UUID)
 func (s *ExchangeStore) migrateToMultiAccount() error {
 	// Check if migration is needed by looking for old-style IDs (non-UUID)
-	var count int
+	var count int64
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
+	err := s.db.Model(&Exchange{}).
-		SELECT COUNT(*) FROM exchanges
+		Where("exchange_type = '' AND id IN ?", []string{"binance", "bybit", "okx", "bitget", "hyperliquid", "aster", "lighter"}).
-		WHERE exchange_type = '' AND id IN ('binance', 'bybit', 'okx', 'bitget', 'hyperliquid', 'aster', 'lighter')
+		Count(&count).Error
-	`).Scan(&count)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	if count == 0 {
-		// No migration needed
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	logger.Infof("🔄 Migrating %d exchange records to multi-account schema...", count)
 
 	// Get all old records
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var records []Exchange
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, type, enabled, api_key, secret_key,
+	err = s.db.Where("exchange_type = '' AND id IN ?", []string{"binance", "bybit", "okx", "bitget", "hyperliquid", "aster", "lighter"}).
-		       COALESCE(passphrase, '') as passphrase, testnet,
+		Find(&records).Error
-		       COALESCE(hyperliquid_wallet_addr, '') as hyperliquid_wallet_addr,
-		       COALESCE(aster_user, '') as aster_user,
-		       COALESCE(aster_signer, '') as aster_signer,
-		       COALESCE(aster_private_key, '') as aster_private_key,
-		       COALESCE(lighter_wallet_addr, '') as lighter_wallet_addr,
-		       COALESCE(lighter_private_key, '') as lighter_private_key,
-		       COALESCE(lighter_api_key_private_key, '') as lighter_api_key_private_key
-		FROM exchanges
-		WHERE exchange_type = '' AND id IN ('binance', 'bybit', 'okx', 'bitget', 'hyperliquid', 'aster', 'lighter')
-	`)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
-	type oldRecord struct {
-		id, userID, name, typ                                                                             string
-		enabled, testnet                                                                                  bool
-		apiKey, secretKey, passphrase                                                                     string
-		hyperliquidWalletAddr, asterUser, asterSigner, asterPrivateKey                                    string
-		lighterWalletAddr, lighterPrivateKey, lighterApiKeyPrivateKey                                     string
-	}
-
-	var records []oldRecord
-	for rows.Next() {
-		var r oldRecord
-		if err := rows.Scan(&r.id, &r.userID, &r.name, &r.typ, &r.enabled,
-			&r.apiKey, &r.secretKey, &r.passphrase, &r.testnet,
-			&r.hyperliquidWalletAddr, &r.asterUser, &r.asterSigner, &r.asterPrivateKey,
-			&r.lighterWalletAddr, &r.lighterPrivateKey, &r.lighterApiKeyPrivateKey); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		records = append(records, r)
-	}
 
 	// Begin transaction
-	tx, err := s.db.Begin()
+	return s.db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
-	if err != nil {
+		for _, r := range records {
-		return err
+			newID := uuid.New().String()
-	}
+			oldID := r.ID // This is the exchange type (e.g., "binance")
-	defer tx.Rollback()
 
-	// Migrate each record
+			// Update traders table to use new UUID
-	for _, r := range records {
+			if err := tx.Exec("UPDATE traders SET exchange_id = ? WHERE exchange_id = ? AND user_id = ?",
-		newID := uuid.New().String()
+				newID, oldID, r.UserID).Error; err != nil {
-		oldID := r.id // This is the exchange type (e.g., "binance")
+				logger.Errorf("Failed to update traders for exchange %s: %v", oldID, err)
+				return err
+			}
 
-		// Update traders table to use new UUID
+			// Update the exchange record
-		_, err = tx.Exec(`UPDATE traders SET exchange_id = ? WHERE exchange_id = ? AND user_id = ?`,
+			if err := tx.Model(&Exchange{}).
-			newID, oldID, r.userID)
+				Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", oldID, r.UserID).
-		if err != nil {
+				Updates(map[string]interface{}{
-			logger.Errorf("Failed to update traders for exchange %s: %v", oldID, err)
+					"id":            newID,
-			return err
+					"exchange_type": oldID,
+					"account_name":  "Default",
+				}).Error; err != nil {
+				logger.Errorf("Failed to migrate exchange %s: %v", oldID, err)
+				return err
+			}
+
+			logger.Infof("✅ Migrated exchange %s -> UUID %s for user %s", oldID, newID, r.UserID)
 		}
-
+		return nil
-		// Update the exchange record
+	})
-		_, err = tx.Exec(`
-			UPDATE exchanges SET
-				id = ?,
-				exchange_type = ?,
-				account_name = ?
-			WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?
-		`, newID, oldID, "Default", oldID, r.userID)
-		if err != nil {
-			logger.Errorf("Failed to migrate exchange %s: %v", oldID, err)
-			return err
-		}
-
-		logger.Infof("✅ Migrated exchange %s -> UUID %s for user %s", oldID, newID, r.userID)
-	}
-
-	if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	logger.Infof("✅ Multi-account migration completed successfully")
-	return nil
 }
 
 func (s *ExchangeStore) initDefaultData() error {
@@ -206,108 +136,24 @@ func (s *ExchangeStore) initDefaultData() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *ExchangeStore) encrypt(plaintext string) string {
-	if s.encryptFunc != nil {
-		return s.encryptFunc(plaintext)
-	}
-	return plaintext
-}
-
-func (s *ExchangeStore) decrypt(encrypted string) string {
-	if s.decryptFunc != nil {
-		return s.decryptFunc(encrypted)
-	}
-	return encrypted
-}
-
 // List gets user's exchange list
 func (s *ExchangeStore) List(userID string) ([]*Exchange, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var exchanges []*Exchange
-		SELECT id, COALESCE(exchange_type, '') as exchange_type, COALESCE(account_name, '') as account_name,
+	err := s.db.Where("user_id = ?", userID).Order("exchange_type, account_name").Find(&exchanges).Error
-		       user_id, name, type, enabled, api_key, secret_key,
-		       COALESCE(passphrase, '') as passphrase, testnet,
-		       COALESCE(hyperliquid_wallet_addr, '') as hyperliquid_wallet_addr,
-		       COALESCE(aster_user, '') as aster_user,
-		       COALESCE(aster_signer, '') as aster_signer,
-		       COALESCE(aster_private_key, '') as aster_private_key,
-		       COALESCE(lighter_wallet_addr, '') as lighter_wallet_addr,
-		       COALESCE(lighter_private_key, '') as lighter_private_key,
-		       COALESCE(lighter_api_key_private_key, '') as lighter_api_key_private_key,
-		       COALESCE(lighter_api_key_index, 0) as lighter_api_key_index,
-		       created_at, updated_at
-		FROM exchanges WHERE user_id = ? ORDER BY exchange_type, account_name
-	`, userID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
-	exchanges := make([]*Exchange, 0)
-	for rows.Next() {
-		var e Exchange
-		var createdAt, updatedAt string
-		err := rows.Scan(
-			&e.ID, &e.ExchangeType, &e.AccountName,
-			&e.UserID, &e.Name, &e.Type,
-			&e.Enabled, &e.APIKey, &e.SecretKey, &e.Passphrase, &e.Testnet,
-			&e.HyperliquidWalletAddr, &e.AsterUser, &e.AsterSigner, &e.AsterPrivateKey,
-			&e.LighterWalletAddr, &e.LighterPrivateKey, &e.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey, &e.LighterAPIKeyIndex,
-			&createdAt, &updatedAt,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		e.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
-		e.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
-		e.APIKey = s.decrypt(e.APIKey)
-		e.SecretKey = s.decrypt(e.SecretKey)
-		e.Passphrase = s.decrypt(e.Passphrase)
-		e.AsterPrivateKey = s.decrypt(e.AsterPrivateKey)
-		e.LighterPrivateKey = s.decrypt(e.LighterPrivateKey)
-		e.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey = s.decrypt(e.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey)
-		exchanges = append(exchanges, &e)
-	}
 	return exchanges, nil
 }
 
 // GetByID gets a specific exchange by UUID
 func (s *ExchangeStore) GetByID(userID, id string) (*Exchange, error) {
-	var e Exchange
+	var exchange Exchange
-	var createdAt, updatedAt string
+	err := s.db.Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", id, userID).First(&exchange).Error
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
-		SELECT id, COALESCE(exchange_type, '') as exchange_type, COALESCE(account_name, '') as account_name,
-		       user_id, name, type, enabled, api_key, secret_key,
-		       COALESCE(passphrase, '') as passphrase, testnet,
-		       COALESCE(hyperliquid_wallet_addr, '') as hyperliquid_wallet_addr,
-		       COALESCE(aster_user, '') as aster_user,
-		       COALESCE(aster_signer, '') as aster_signer,
-		       COALESCE(aster_private_key, '') as aster_private_key,
-		       COALESCE(lighter_wallet_addr, '') as lighter_wallet_addr,
-		       COALESCE(lighter_private_key, '') as lighter_private_key,
-		       COALESCE(lighter_api_key_private_key, '') as lighter_api_key_private_key,
-		       COALESCE(lighter_api_key_index, 0) as lighter_api_key_index,
-		       created_at, updated_at
-		FROM exchanges WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?
-	`, id, userID).Scan(
-		&e.ID, &e.ExchangeType, &e.AccountName,
-		&e.UserID, &e.Name, &e.Type,
-		&e.Enabled, &e.APIKey, &e.SecretKey, &e.Passphrase, &e.Testnet,
-		&e.HyperliquidWalletAddr, &e.AsterUser, &e.AsterSigner, &e.AsterPrivateKey,
-		&e.LighterWalletAddr, &e.LighterPrivateKey, &e.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey, &e.LighterAPIKeyIndex,
-		&createdAt, &updatedAt,
-	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	e.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
+	return &exchange, nil
-	e.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
-	e.APIKey = s.decrypt(e.APIKey)
-	e.SecretKey = s.decrypt(e.SecretKey)
-	e.Passphrase = s.decrypt(e.Passphrase)
-	e.AsterPrivateKey = s.decrypt(e.AsterPrivateKey)
-	e.LighterPrivateKey = s.decrypt(e.LighterPrivateKey)
-	e.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey = s.decrypt(e.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey)
-	return &e, nil
 }
 
 // getExchangeNameAndType returns the display name and type for an exchange type
@@ -341,7 +187,6 @@ func (s *ExchangeStore) Create(userID, exchangeType, accountName string, enabled
 	id := uuid.New().String()
 	name, typ := getExchangeNameAndType(exchangeType)
 
-	// If account name is empty, use "Default"
 	if accountName == "" {
 		accountName = "Default"
 	}
@@ -349,19 +194,29 @@ func (s *ExchangeStore) Create(userID, exchangeType, accountName string, enabled
 	logger.Debugf("🔧 ExchangeStore.Create: userID=%s, exchangeType=%s, accountName=%s, id=%s",
 		userID, exchangeType, accountName, id)
 
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	exchange := &Exchange{
-		INSERT INTO exchanges (id, exchange_type, account_name, user_id, name, type, enabled,
+		ID:                      id,
-		                       api_key, secret_key, passphrase, testnet,
+		ExchangeType:            exchangeType,
-		                       hyperliquid_wallet_addr, aster_user, aster_signer, aster_private_key,
+		AccountName:             accountName,
-		                       lighter_wallet_addr, lighter_private_key, lighter_api_key_private_key, lighter_api_key_index,
+		UserID:                  userID,
-		                       created_at, updated_at)
+		Name:                    name,
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, datetime('now'), datetime('now'))
+		Type:                    typ,
-	`, id, exchangeType, accountName, userID, name, typ, enabled,
+		Enabled:                 enabled,
-		s.encrypt(apiKey), s.encrypt(secretKey), s.encrypt(passphrase), testnet,
+		APIKey:                  crypto.EncryptedString(apiKey),
-		hyperliquidWalletAddr, asterUser, asterSigner, s.encrypt(asterPrivateKey),
+		SecretKey:               crypto.EncryptedString(secretKey),
-		lighterWalletAddr, s.encrypt(lighterPrivateKey), s.encrypt(lighterApiKeyPrivateKey), lighterApiKeyIndex)
+		Passphrase:              crypto.EncryptedString(passphrase),
+		Testnet:                 testnet,
+		HyperliquidWalletAddr:   hyperliquidWalletAddr,
+		AsterUser:               asterUser,
+		AsterSigner:             asterSigner,
+		AsterPrivateKey:         crypto.EncryptedString(asterPrivateKey),
+		LighterWalletAddr:       lighterWalletAddr,
+		LighterPrivateKey:       crypto.EncryptedString(lighterPrivateKey),
+		LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey: crypto.EncryptedString(lighterApiKeyPrivateKey),
+		LighterAPIKeyIndex:      lighterApiKeyIndex,
+	}
 
-	if err != nil {
+	if err := s.db.Create(exchange).Error; err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 	return id, nil
@@ -373,53 +228,42 @@ func (s *ExchangeStore) Update(userID, id string, enabled bool, apiKey, secretKe
 
 	logger.Debugf("🔧 ExchangeStore.Update: userID=%s, id=%s, enabled=%v", userID, id, enabled)
 
-	setClauses := []string{
+	updates := map[string]interface{}{
-		"enabled = ?",
+		"enabled":                 enabled,
-		"testnet = ?",
+		"testnet":                 testnet,
-		"hyperliquid_wallet_addr = ?",
+		"hyperliquid_wallet_addr": hyperliquidWalletAddr,
-		"aster_user = ?",
+		"aster_user":              asterUser,
-		"aster_signer = ?",
+		"aster_signer":            asterSigner,
-		"lighter_wallet_addr = ?",
+		"lighter_wallet_addr":     lighterWalletAddr,
-		"lighter_api_key_index = ?",
+		"lighter_api_key_index":   lighterApiKeyIndex,
-		"updated_at = datetime('now')",
+		"updated_at":              time.Now(),
 	}
-	args := []interface{}{enabled, testnet, hyperliquidWalletAddr, asterUser, asterSigner, lighterWalletAddr, lighterApiKeyIndex}
 
+	// Only update encrypted fields if not empty
 	if apiKey != "" {
-		setClauses = append(setClauses, "api_key = ?")
+		updates["api_key"] = crypto.EncryptedString(apiKey)
-		args = append(args, s.encrypt(apiKey))
 	}
 	if secretKey != "" {
-		setClauses = append(setClauses, "secret_key = ?")
+		updates["secret_key"] = crypto.EncryptedString(secretKey)
-		args = append(args, s.encrypt(secretKey))
 	}
 	if passphrase != "" {
-		setClauses = append(setClauses, "passphrase = ?")
+		updates["passphrase"] = crypto.EncryptedString(passphrase)
-		args = append(args, s.encrypt(passphrase))
 	}
 	if asterPrivateKey != "" {
-		setClauses = append(setClauses, "aster_private_key = ?")
+		updates["aster_private_key"] = crypto.EncryptedString(asterPrivateKey)
-		args = append(args, s.encrypt(asterPrivateKey))
 	}
 	if lighterPrivateKey != "" {
-		setClauses = append(setClauses, "lighter_private_key = ?")
+		updates["lighter_private_key"] = crypto.EncryptedString(lighterPrivateKey)
-		args = append(args, s.encrypt(lighterPrivateKey))
 	}
 	if lighterApiKeyPrivateKey != "" {
-		setClauses = append(setClauses, "lighter_api_key_private_key = ?")
+		updates["lighter_api_key_private_key"] = crypto.EncryptedString(lighterApiKeyPrivateKey)
-		args = append(args, s.encrypt(lighterApiKeyPrivateKey))
 	}
 
-	args = append(args, id, userID)
+	result := s.db.Model(&Exchange{}).Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", id, userID).Updates(updates)
-	query := fmt.Sprintf(`UPDATE exchanges SET %s WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?`, strings.Join(setClauses, ", "))
+	if result.Error != nil {
-
+		return result.Error
-	result, err := s.db.Exec(query, args...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
 	}
-
+	if result.RowsAffected == 0 {
-	rowsAffected, _ := result.RowsAffected()
-	if rowsAffected == 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("exchange not found: id=%s, userID=%s", id, userID)
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -427,13 +271,16 @@ func (s *ExchangeStore) Update(userID, id string, enabled bool, apiKey, secretKe
 
 // UpdateAccountName updates the account name for an exchange
 func (s *ExchangeStore) UpdateAccountName(userID, id, accountName string) error {
-	result, err := s.db.Exec(`UPDATE exchanges SET account_name = ?, updated_at = datetime('now') WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?`,
+	result := s.db.Model(&Exchange{}).
-		accountName, id, userID)
+		Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", id, userID).
-	if err != nil {
+		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
-		return err
+			"account_name": accountName,
+			"updated_at":   time.Now(),
+		})
+	if result.Error != nil {
+		return result.Error
 	}
-	rowsAffected, _ := result.RowsAffected()
+	if result.RowsAffected == 0 {
-	if rowsAffected == 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("exchange not found: id=%s, userID=%s", id, userID)
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -441,12 +288,11 @@ func (s *ExchangeStore) UpdateAccountName(userID, id, accountName string) error
 
 // Delete deletes an exchange account
 func (s *ExchangeStore) Delete(userID, id string) error {
-	result, err := s.db.Exec(`DELETE FROM exchanges WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?`, id, userID)
+	result := s.db.Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", id, userID).Delete(&Exchange{})
-	if err != nil {
+	if result.Error != nil {
-		return err
+		return result.Error
 	}
-	rowsAffected, _ := result.RowsAffected()
+	if result.RowsAffected == 0 {
-	if rowsAffected == 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("exchange not found: id=%s, userID=%s", id, userID)
 	}
 	logger.Infof("🗑️ Deleted exchange: id=%s, userID=%s", id, userID)
@@ -460,20 +306,25 @@ func (s *ExchangeStore) CreateLegacy(userID, id, name, typ string, enabled bool,
 
 	// Check if this is an old-style ID (exchange type as ID)
 	if id == "binance" || id == "bybit" || id == "okx" || id == "bitget" || id == "hyperliquid" || id == "aster" || id == "lighter" {
-		// Use new Create method with exchange type
 		_, err := s.Create(userID, id, "Default", enabled, apiKey, secretKey, "", testnet,
 			hyperliquidWalletAddr, asterUser, asterSigner, asterPrivateKey, "", "", "", 0)
 		return err
 	}
 
 	// Otherwise assume it's already a UUID
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	exchange := &Exchange{
-		INSERT OR IGNORE INTO exchanges (id, exchange_type, account_name, user_id, name, type, enabled,
+		ID:                    id,
-		                                 api_key, secret_key, testnet,
+		UserID:                userID,
-		                                 hyperliquid_wallet_addr, aster_user, aster_signer, aster_private_key,
+		Name:                  name,
-		                                 lighter_wallet_addr, lighter_private_key)
+		Type:                  typ,
-		VALUES (?, '', '', ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, '', '')
+		Enabled:               enabled,
-	`, id, userID, name, typ, enabled, s.encrypt(apiKey), s.encrypt(secretKey), testnet,
+		APIKey:                crypto.EncryptedString(apiKey),
-		hyperliquidWalletAddr, asterUser, asterSigner, s.encrypt(asterPrivateKey))
+		SecretKey:             crypto.EncryptedString(secretKey),
-	return err
+		Testnet:               testnet,
+		HyperliquidWalletAddr: hyperliquidWalletAddr,
+		AsterUser:             asterUser,
+		AsterSigner:           asterSigner,
+		AsterPrivateKey:       crypto.EncryptedString(asterPrivateKey),
+	}
+	return s.db.Where("id = ?", id).FirstOrCreate(exchange).Error
 }

store/gorm.go

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+package store
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"gorm.io/driver/postgres"
+	"gorm.io/driver/sqlite"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
+)
+
+// GormDB is the global GORM database connection
+var gormDB *gorm.DB
+
+// DB returns the GORM database connection
+func DB() *gorm.DB {
+	return gormDB
+}
+
+// InitGorm initializes GORM with SQLite
+func InitGorm(dbPath string) (*gorm.DB, error) {
+	db, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(dbPath), &gorm.Config{
+		Logger: logger.Default.LogMode(logger.Silent),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open SQLite database: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Set connection pool for SQLite
+	sqlDB, err := db.DB()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	sqlDB.SetMaxOpenConns(1)
+	sqlDB.SetMaxIdleConns(1)
+
+	// Enable foreign keys for SQLite
+	db.Exec("PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON")
+	db.Exec("PRAGMA journal_mode = DELETE")
+	db.Exec("PRAGMA synchronous = FULL")
+	db.Exec("PRAGMA busy_timeout = 5000")
+
+	gormDB = db
+	return db, nil
+}
+
+// InitGormPostgres initializes GORM with PostgreSQL
+func InitGormPostgres(host string, port int, user, password, dbname, sslmode string) (*gorm.DB, error) {
+	dsn := fmt.Sprintf(
+		"host=%s port=%d user=%s password=%s dbname=%s sslmode=%s",
+		host, port, user, password, dbname, sslmode,
+	)
+
+	db, err := gorm.Open(postgres.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{
+		Logger: logger.Default.LogMode(logger.Silent),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open PostgreSQL database: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Set connection pool for PostgreSQL
+	sqlDB, err := db.DB()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	sqlDB.SetMaxOpenConns(25)
+	sqlDB.SetMaxIdleConns(5)
+
+	gormDB = db
+	return db, nil
+}
+
+// InitGormWithConfig initializes GORM with provided configuration
+// Uses DBConfig from driver.go
+func InitGormWithConfig(cfg DBConfig) (*gorm.DB, error) {
+	switch cfg.Type {
+	case DBTypeSQLite:
+		return InitGorm(cfg.Path)
+
+	case DBTypePostgres:
+		return InitGormPostgres(
+			cfg.Host,
+			cfg.Port,
+			cfg.User,
+			cfg.Password,
+			cfg.DBName,
+			cfg.SSLMode,
+		)
+
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported DB_TYPE: %s (use 'sqlite' or 'postgres')", cfg.Type)
+	}
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Query Scopes - Reusable query helpers
+// ============================================================================
+
+// ForUser returns a scope that filters by user_id
+func ForUser(userID string) func(*gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+	return func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+		return db.Where("user_id = ?", userID)
+	}
+}
+
+// ForTrader returns a scope that filters by trader_id
+func ForTrader(traderID string) func(*gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+	return func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+		return db.Where("trader_id = ?", traderID)
+	}
+}
+
+// OpenPositions returns a scope for open positions
+func OpenPositions() func(*gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+	return func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+		return db.Where("status = ?", "OPEN")
+	}
+}
+
+// ClosedPositions returns a scope for closed positions
+func ClosedPositions() func(*gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+	return func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+		return db.Where("status = ?", "CLOSED")
+	}
+}
+
+// OrderByCreatedDesc returns a scope that orders by created_at DESC
+func OrderByCreatedDesc() func(*gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+	return func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+		return db.Order("created_at DESC")
+	}
+}
+
+// OrderByUpdatedDesc returns a scope that orders by updated_at DESC
+func OrderByUpdatedDesc() func(*gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+	return func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+		return db.Order("updated_at DESC")
+	}
+}
+
+// Paginate returns a scope for pagination
+func Paginate(limit, offset int) func(*gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+	return func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+		return db.Limit(limit).Offset(offset)
+	}
+}

store/order.go

@@ -1,495 +1,255 @@
 package store
 
 import (
-	"database/sql"
 	"fmt"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
-// TraderOrder 订单记录（完整的订单生命周期追踪）
+// TraderOrder order record
 type TraderOrder struct {
-	ID                int64     `json:"id"`
+	ID                int64     `gorm:"primaryKey;autoIncrement" json:"id"`
-	TraderID          string    `json:"trader_id"`
+	TraderID          string    `gorm:"column:trader_id;not null;index:idx_orders_trader_id" json:"trader_id"`
-	ExchangeID        string    `json:"exchange_id"`         // Exchange account UUID
+	ExchangeID        string    `gorm:"column:exchange_id;not null;default:''" json:"exchange_id"`
-	ExchangeType      string    `json:"exchange_type"`       // Exchange type (hyperliquid/lighter/binance/etc)
+	ExchangeType      string    `gorm:"column:exchange_type;not null;default:''" json:"exchange_type"`
-	ExchangeOrderID   string    `json:"exchange_order_id"`   // Exchange order ID
+	ExchangeOrderID   string    `gorm:"column:exchange_order_id;not null;uniqueIndex:idx_orders_exchange_unique,priority:2" json:"exchange_order_id"`
-	ClientOrderID     string    `json:"client_order_id"`     // Client order ID
+	ClientOrderID     string    `gorm:"column:client_order_id;default:''" json:"client_order_id"`
-	Symbol            string    `json:"symbol"`              // Trading pair
+	Symbol            string    `gorm:"column:symbol;not null;index:idx_orders_symbol" json:"symbol"`
-	Side              string    `json:"side"`                // BUY/SELL
+	Side              string    `gorm:"column:side;not null" json:"side"`
-	PositionSide      string    `json:"position_side"`       // LONG/SHORT (hedge mode)
+	PositionSide      string    `gorm:"column:position_side;default:''" json:"position_side"`
-	Type              string    `json:"type"`                // MARKET/LIMIT/STOP/STOP_MARKET/TAKE_PROFIT/TAKE_PROFIT_MARKET
+	Type              string    `gorm:"column:type;not null" json:"type"`
-	TimeInForce       string    `json:"time_in_force"`       // GTC/IOC/FOK
+	TimeInForce       string    `gorm:"column:time_in_force;default:GTC" json:"time_in_force"`
-	Quantity          float64   `json:"quantity"`            // 订单数量
+	Quantity          float64   `gorm:"column:quantity;not null" json:"quantity"`
-	Price             float64   `json:"price"`               // 限价单价格
+	Price             float64   `gorm:"column:price;default:0" json:"price"`
-	StopPrice         float64   `json:"stop_price"`          // 止损/止盈触发价格
+	StopPrice         float64   `gorm:"column:stop_price;default:0" json:"stop_price"`
-	Status            string    `json:"status"`              // NEW/PARTIALLY_FILLED/FILLED/CANCELED/REJECTED/EXPIRED
+	Status            string    `gorm:"column:status;not null;default:NEW;index:idx_orders_status" json:"status"`
-	FilledQuantity    float64   `json:"filled_quantity"`     // 已成交数量
+	FilledQuantity    float64   `gorm:"column:filled_quantity;default:0" json:"filled_quantity"`
-	AvgFillPrice      float64   `json:"avg_fill_price"`      // 平均成交价格
+	AvgFillPrice      float64   `gorm:"column:avg_fill_price;default:0" json:"avg_fill_price"`
-	Commission        float64   `json:"commission"`          // 手续费总额
+	Commission        float64   `gorm:"column:commission;default:0" json:"commission"`
-	CommissionAsset   string    `json:"commission_asset"`    // 手续费资产（USDT等）
+	CommissionAsset   string    `gorm:"column:commission_asset;default:USDT" json:"commission_asset"`
-	Leverage          int       `json:"leverage"`            // 杠杆倍数
+	Leverage          int       `gorm:"column:leverage;default:1" json:"leverage"`
-	ReduceOnly        bool      `json:"reduce_only"`         // 是否只减仓
+	ReduceOnly        bool      `gorm:"column:reduce_only;default:false" json:"reduce_only"`
-	ClosePosition     bool      `json:"close_position"`      // 是否平仓单
+	ClosePosition     bool      `gorm:"column:close_position;default:false" json:"close_position"`
-	WorkingType       string    `json:"working_type"`        // CONTRACT_PRICE/MARK_PRICE
+	WorkingType       string    `gorm:"column:working_type;default:CONTRACT_PRICE" json:"working_type"`
-	PriceProtect      bool      `json:"price_protect"`       // 价格保护
+	PriceProtect      bool      `gorm:"column:price_protect;default:false" json:"price_protect"`
-	OrderAction       string    `json:"order_action"`        // OPEN_LONG/OPEN_SHORT/CLOSE_LONG/CLOSE_SHORT/ADD_LONG/ADD_SHORT/STOP_LOSS/TAKE_PROFIT
+	OrderAction       string    `gorm:"column:order_action;default:''" json:"order_action"`
-	RelatedPositionID int64     `json:"related_position_id"` // 关联的仓位ID
+	RelatedPositionID int64     `gorm:"column:related_position_id;default:0" json:"related_position_id"`
-	CreatedAt         time.Time `json:"created_at"`
+	CreatedAt         time.Time `gorm:"column:created_at;autoCreateTime" json:"created_at"`
-	UpdatedAt         time.Time `json:"updated_at"`
+	UpdatedAt         time.Time `gorm:"column:updated_at;autoUpdateTime" json:"updated_at"`
-	FilledAt          time.Time `json:"filled_at"` // 完全成交时间
+	FilledAt          time.Time `gorm:"column:filled_at" json:"filled_at"`
 }
 
-// TraderFill trade record (one order may have multiple fills)
+// TableName returns the table name for TraderOrder
+func (TraderOrder) TableName() string {
+	return "trader_orders"
+}
+
+// TraderFill trade record
 type TraderFill struct {
-	ID               int64     `json:"id"`
+	ID              int64     `gorm:"primaryKey;autoIncrement" json:"id"`
-	TraderID         string    `json:"trader_id"`
+	TraderID        string    `gorm:"column:trader_id;not null;index:idx_fills_trader_id" json:"trader_id"`
-	ExchangeID       string    `json:"exchange_id"`        // Exchange account UUID
+	ExchangeID      string    `gorm:"column:exchange_id;not null;default:''" json:"exchange_id"`
-	ExchangeType     string    `json:"exchange_type"`      // Exchange type (hyperliquid/lighter/binance/etc)
+	ExchangeType    string    `gorm:"column:exchange_type;not null;default:''" json:"exchange_type"`
-	OrderID          int64     `json:"order_id"`           // Related order ID
+	OrderID         int64     `gorm:"column:order_id;not null;index:idx_fills_order_id" json:"order_id"`
-	ExchangeOrderID  string    `json:"exchange_order_id"`  // Exchange order ID
+	ExchangeOrderID string    `gorm:"column:exchange_order_id;not null" json:"exchange_order_id"`
-	ExchangeTradeID  string    `json:"exchange_trade_id"`  // Exchange trade ID
+	ExchangeTradeID string    `gorm:"column:exchange_trade_id;not null;uniqueIndex:idx_fills_exchange_unique,priority:2" json:"exchange_trade_id"`
-	Symbol           string    `json:"symbol"`
+	Symbol          string    `gorm:"column:symbol;not null" json:"symbol"`
-	Side             string    `json:"side"`           // BUY/SELL
+	Side            string    `gorm:"column:side;not null" json:"side"`
-	Price            float64   `json:"price"`          // 成交价格
+	Price           float64   `gorm:"column:price;not null" json:"price"`
-	Quantity         float64   `json:"quantity"`       // 成交数量
+	Quantity        float64   `gorm:"column:quantity;not null" json:"quantity"`
-	QuoteQuantity    float64   `json:"quote_quantity"` // 成交金额（USDT）
+	QuoteQuantity   float64   `gorm:"column:quote_quantity;not null" json:"quote_quantity"`
-	Commission       float64   `json:"commission"`     // 手续费
+	Commission      float64   `gorm:"column:commission;not null" json:"commission"`
-	CommissionAsset  string    `json:"commission_asset"`
+	CommissionAsset string    `gorm:"column:commission_asset;not null" json:"commission_asset"`
-	RealizedPnL      float64   `json:"realized_pnl"` // 实现盈亏（平仓时）
+	RealizedPnL     float64   `gorm:"column:realized_pnl;default:0" json:"realized_pnl"`
-	IsMaker          bool      `json:"is_maker"`     // 是否为maker
+	IsMaker         bool      `gorm:"column:is_maker;default:false" json:"is_maker"`
-	CreatedAt        time.Time `json:"created_at"`
+	CreatedAt       time.Time `gorm:"column:created_at;autoCreateTime" json:"created_at"`
 }
 
-// OrderStore 订单存储
+// TableName returns the table name for TraderFill
+func (TraderFill) TableName() string {
+	return "trader_fills"
+}
+
+// OrderStore order storage
 type OrderStore struct {
-	db *sql.DB
+	db *gorm.DB
 }
 
-// NewOrderStore 创建订单存储实例
+// NewOrderStore creates order storage instance
-func NewOrderStore(db *sql.DB) *OrderStore {
+func NewOrderStore(db *gorm.DB) *OrderStore {
 	return &OrderStore{db: db}
 }
 
-// InitTables 初始化订单表
+// InitTables initializes order tables
 func (s *OrderStore) InitTables() error {
-	// 创建订单表
+	// For PostgreSQL, check if tables exist to avoid AutoMigrate index conflicts
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	if s.db.Dialector.Name() == "postgres" {
-		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS trader_orders (
+		var ordersExist, fillsExist int64
-			id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+		s.db.Raw(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'trader_orders'`).Scan(&ordersExist)
-			trader_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+		s.db.Raw(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'trader_fills'`).Scan(&fillsExist)
-			exchange_id TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+
-			exchange_type TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+		if ordersExist > 0 && fillsExist > 0 {
-			exchange_order_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+			// Tables exist - just ensure indexes exist, skip AutoMigrate
-			client_order_id TEXT DEFAULT '',
+			s.db.Exec(`CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_orders_exchange_unique ON trader_orders(exchange_id, exchange_order_id)`)
-			symbol TEXT NOT NULL,
+			s.db.Exec(`CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_fills_exchange_unique ON trader_fills(exchange_id, exchange_trade_id)`)
-			side TEXT NOT NULL,
+			s.db.Exec(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_orders_trader_id ON trader_orders(trader_id)`)
-			position_side TEXT DEFAULT '',
+			s.db.Exec(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_orders_symbol ON trader_orders(symbol)`)
-			type TEXT NOT NULL,
+			s.db.Exec(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_orders_status ON trader_orders(status)`)
-			time_in_force TEXT DEFAULT 'GTC',
+			s.db.Exec(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_fills_trader_id ON trader_fills(trader_id)`)
-			quantity REAL NOT NULL,
+			s.db.Exec(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_fills_order_id ON trader_fills(order_id)`)
-			price REAL DEFAULT 0,
+			return nil
-			stop_price REAL DEFAULT 0,
+		}
-			status TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'NEW',
-			filled_quantity REAL DEFAULT 0,
-			avg_fill_price REAL DEFAULT 0,
-			commission REAL DEFAULT 0,
-			commission_asset TEXT DEFAULT 'USDT',
-			leverage INTEGER DEFAULT 1,
-			reduce_only INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
-			close_position INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
-			working_type TEXT DEFAULT 'CONTRACT_PRICE',
-			price_protect INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
-			order_action TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			related_position_id INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
-			created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-			updated_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-			filled_at DATETIME,
-			UNIQUE(exchange_id, exchange_order_id)
-		)
-	`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create trader_orders table: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// 创建成交记录表
+	if err := s.db.AutoMigrate(&TraderOrder{}, &TraderFill{}); err != nil {
-	_, err = s.db.Exec(`
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to migrate order tables: %w", err)
-		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS trader_fills (
-			id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-			trader_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-			exchange_id TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
-			exchange_type TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
-			order_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
-			exchange_order_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-			exchange_trade_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-			symbol TEXT NOT NULL,
-			side TEXT NOT NULL,
-			price REAL NOT NULL,
-			quantity REAL NOT NULL,
-			quote_quantity REAL NOT NULL,
-			commission REAL NOT NULL,
-			commission_asset TEXT NOT NULL,
-			realized_pnl REAL DEFAULT 0,
-			is_maker INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
-			created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-			UNIQUE(exchange_id, exchange_trade_id),
-			FOREIGN KEY (order_id) REFERENCES trader_orders(id)
-		)
-	`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create trader_fills table: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// 创建索引
+	// Create unique composite index for exchange_id + exchange_order_id
-	s.db.Exec(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_orders_trader_id ON trader_orders(trader_id)`)
+	s.db.Exec(`CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_orders_exchange_unique ON trader_orders(exchange_id, exchange_order_id)`)
-	s.db.Exec(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_orders_symbol ON trader_orders(symbol)`)
+	// Create unique composite index for exchange_id + exchange_trade_id
-	s.db.Exec(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_orders_status ON trader_orders(status)`)
+	s.db.Exec(`CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_fills_exchange_unique ON trader_fills(exchange_id, exchange_trade_id)`)
-	s.db.Exec(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_orders_exchange_order_id ON trader_orders(exchange_id, exchange_order_id)`)
-	s.db.Exec(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_fills_order_id ON trader_fills(order_id)`)
-	s.db.Exec(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_fills_trader_id ON trader_fills(trader_id)`)
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-// CreateOrder 创建订单记录（去重：如果订单已存在则返回已有记录）
+// CreateOrder creates order record
 func (s *OrderStore) CreateOrder(order *TraderOrder) error {
-	// 1. 先检查订单是否已存在（去重）
+	// Check if order already exists
 	existing, err := s.GetOrderByExchangeID(order.ExchangeID, order.ExchangeOrderID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to check existing order: %w", err)
 	}
 	if existing != nil {
-		// 订单已存在，返回已有记录的ID
 		order.ID = existing.ID
 		order.CreatedAt = existing.CreatedAt
 		order.UpdatedAt = existing.UpdatedAt
-		return nil // 不是错误，只是跳过插入
+		return nil
 	}
 
-	// 2. 订单不存在，插入新记录
+	return s.db.Create(order).Error
-	now := time.Now()
-	order.CreatedAt = now
-	order.UpdatedAt = now
-
-	result, err := s.db.Exec(`
-		INSERT INTO trader_orders (
-			trader_id, exchange_id, exchange_type, exchange_order_id, client_order_id,
-			symbol, side, position_side, type, time_in_force,
-			quantity, price, stop_price, status,
-			filled_quantity, avg_fill_price, commission, commission_asset,
-			leverage, reduce_only, close_position, working_type, price_protect,
-			order_action, related_position_id,
-			created_at, updated_at, filled_at
-		) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
-	`,
-		order.TraderID, order.ExchangeID, order.ExchangeType, order.ExchangeOrderID, order.ClientOrderID,
-		order.Symbol, order.Side, order.PositionSide, order.Type, order.TimeInForce,
-		order.Quantity, order.Price, order.StopPrice, order.Status,
-		order.FilledQuantity, order.AvgFillPrice, order.Commission, order.CommissionAsset,
-		order.Leverage, order.ReduceOnly, order.ClosePosition, order.WorkingType, order.PriceProtect,
-		order.OrderAction, order.RelatedPositionID,
-		formatTimeOrNow(order.CreatedAt, now), formatTimeOrNow(order.UpdatedAt, now),
-		formatTimePtr(order.FilledAt),
-	)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create order: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	id, _ := result.LastInsertId()
-	order.ID = id
-	return nil
 }
 
-// UpdateOrderStatus 更新订单状态
+// UpdateOrderStatus updates order status
 func (s *OrderStore) UpdateOrderStatus(id int64, status string, filledQty, avgPrice, commission float64) error {
-	now := time.Now()
+	updates := map[string]interface{}{
-	updateSQL := `
+		"status":          status,
-		UPDATE trader_orders SET
+		"filled_quantity": filledQty,
-			status = ?,
+		"avg_fill_price":  avgPrice,
-			filled_quantity = ?,
+		"commission":      commission,
-			avg_fill_price = ?,
+	}
-			commission = ?,
-			updated_at = ?
-	`
-	args := []interface{}{status, filledQty, avgPrice, commission, now.Format(time.RFC3339)}
 
-	// 如果完全成交，记录成交时间
 	if status == "FILLED" {
-		updateSQL += `, filled_at = ?`
+		updates["filled_at"] = time.Now()
-		args = append(args, now.Format(time.RFC3339))
 	}
 
-	updateSQL += ` WHERE id = ?`
+	return s.db.Model(&TraderOrder{}).Where("id = ?", id).Updates(updates).Error
-	args = append(args, id)
-
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(updateSQL, args...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to update order status: %w", err)
-	}
-	return nil
 }
 
-// CreateFill 创建成交记录（去重：如果成交已存在则跳过）
+// CreateFill creates fill record
 func (s *OrderStore) CreateFill(fill *TraderFill) error {
-	// 1. 先检查成交是否已存在（去重）
+	// Check if fill already exists
 	existing, err := s.GetFillByExchangeTradeID(fill.ExchangeID, fill.ExchangeTradeID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to check existing fill: %w", err)
 	}
 	if existing != nil {
-		// 成交已存在，返回已有记录的ID
 		fill.ID = existing.ID
 		fill.CreatedAt = existing.CreatedAt
-		return nil // 不是错误，只是跳过插入
+		return nil
 	}
 
-	// 2. 成交不存在，插入新记录
+	return s.db.Create(fill).Error
-	now := time.Now()
-	fill.CreatedAt = now
-
-	result, err := s.db.Exec(`
-		INSERT INTO trader_fills (
-			trader_id, exchange_id, exchange_type, order_id, exchange_order_id, exchange_trade_id,
-			symbol, side, price, quantity, quote_quantity,
-			commission, commission_asset, realized_pnl, is_maker,
-			created_at
-		) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
-	`,
-		fill.TraderID, fill.ExchangeID, fill.ExchangeType, fill.OrderID, fill.ExchangeOrderID, fill.ExchangeTradeID,
-		fill.Symbol, fill.Side, fill.Price, fill.Quantity, fill.QuoteQuantity,
-		fill.Commission, fill.CommissionAsset, fill.RealizedPnL, fill.IsMaker,
-		now.Format(time.RFC3339),
-	)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create fill: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	id, _ := result.LastInsertId()
-	fill.ID = id
-	return nil
 }
 
-// GetFillByExchangeTradeID 根据交易所成交ID获取成交记录
+// GetFillByExchangeTradeID gets fill by exchange trade ID
 func (s *OrderStore) GetFillByExchangeTradeID(exchangeID, exchangeTradeID string) (*TraderFill, error) {
-	row := s.db.QueryRow(`
-		SELECT id, trader_id, exchange_id, exchange_type, order_id, exchange_order_id, exchange_trade_id,
-			symbol, side, price, quantity, quote_quantity,
-			commission, commission_asset, realized_pnl, is_maker,
-			created_at
-		FROM trader_fills
-		WHERE exchange_id = ? AND exchange_trade_id = ?
-	`, exchangeID, exchangeTradeID)
-
 	var fill TraderFill
-	var createdAt sql.NullString
+	err := s.db.Where("exchange_id = ? AND exchange_trade_id = ?", exchangeID, exchangeTradeID).First(&fill).Error
-	err := row.Scan(
-		&fill.ID, &fill.TraderID, &fill.ExchangeID, &fill.ExchangeType, &fill.OrderID, &fill.ExchangeOrderID, &fill.ExchangeTradeID,
-		&fill.Symbol, &fill.Side, &fill.Price, &fill.Quantity, &fill.QuoteQuantity,
-		&fill.Commission, &fill.CommissionAsset, &fill.RealizedPnL, &fill.IsMaker,
-		&createdAt,
-	)
-	if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
 	if err != nil {
+		if err == gorm.ErrRecordNotFound {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get fill: %w", err)
 	}
-
-	// Parse time
-	if createdAt.Valid {
-		if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, createdAt.String); err == nil {
-			fill.CreatedAt = t
-		}
-	}
-
 	return &fill, nil
 }
 
-// GetOrderByExchangeID 根据交易所订单ID获取订单
+// GetOrderByExchangeID gets order by exchange order ID
 func (s *OrderStore) GetOrderByExchangeID(exchangeID, exchangeOrderID string) (*TraderOrder, error) {
-	row := s.db.QueryRow(`
-		SELECT id, trader_id, exchange_id, exchange_type, exchange_order_id, client_order_id,
-			symbol, side, position_side, type, time_in_force,
-			quantity, price, stop_price, status,
-			filled_quantity, avg_fill_price, commission, commission_asset,
-			leverage, reduce_only, close_position, working_type, price_protect,
-			order_action, related_position_id,
-			created_at, updated_at, filled_at
-		FROM trader_orders
-		WHERE exchange_id = ? AND exchange_order_id = ?
-	`, exchangeID, exchangeOrderID)
-
 	var order TraderOrder
-	var createdAt, updatedAt, filledAt sql.NullString
+	err := s.db.Where("exchange_id = ? AND exchange_order_id = ?", exchangeID, exchangeOrderID).First(&order).Error
-	err := row.Scan(
-		&order.ID, &order.TraderID, &order.ExchangeID, &order.ExchangeType, &order.ExchangeOrderID, &order.ClientOrderID,
-		&order.Symbol, &order.Side, &order.PositionSide, &order.Type, &order.TimeInForce,
-		&order.Quantity, &order.Price, &order.StopPrice, &order.Status,
-		&order.FilledQuantity, &order.AvgFillPrice, &order.Commission, &order.CommissionAsset,
-		&order.Leverage, &order.ReduceOnly, &order.ClosePosition, &order.WorkingType, &order.PriceProtect,
-		&order.OrderAction, &order.RelatedPositionID,
-		&createdAt, &updatedAt, &filledAt,
-	)
-	if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
 	if err != nil {
+		if err == gorm.ErrRecordNotFound {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get order: %w", err)
 	}
-
-	// Parse times
-	if createdAt.Valid {
-		if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, createdAt.String); err == nil {
-			order.CreatedAt = t
-		}
-	}
-	if updatedAt.Valid {
-		if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, updatedAt.String); err == nil {
-			order.UpdatedAt = t
-		}
-	}
-	if filledAt.Valid {
-		if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, filledAt.String); err == nil {
-			order.FilledAt = t
-		}
-	}
-
 	return &order, nil
 }
 
-// GetTraderOrders 获取trader的订单列表
+// GetTraderOrders gets trader's order list
 func (s *OrderStore) GetTraderOrders(traderID string, limit int) ([]*TraderOrder, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var orders []*TraderOrder
-		SELECT id, trader_id, exchange_id, exchange_type, exchange_order_id, client_order_id,
+	err := s.db.Where("trader_id = ?", traderID).
-			symbol, side, position_side, type, time_in_force,
+		Order("created_at DESC").
-			quantity, price, stop_price, status,
+		Limit(limit).
-			filled_quantity, avg_fill_price, commission, commission_asset,
+		Find(&orders).Error
-			leverage, reduce_only, close_position, working_type, price_protect,
-			order_action, related_position_id,
-			created_at, updated_at, filled_at
-		FROM trader_orders
-		WHERE trader_id = ?
-		ORDER BY created_at DESC
-		LIMIT ?
-	`, traderID, limit)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query orders: %w", err)
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
-	var orders []*TraderOrder
-	for rows.Next() {
-		var order TraderOrder
-		var createdAt, updatedAt, filledAt sql.NullString
-		err := rows.Scan(
-			&order.ID, &order.TraderID, &order.ExchangeID, &order.ExchangeType, &order.ExchangeOrderID, &order.ClientOrderID,
-			&order.Symbol, &order.Side, &order.PositionSide, &order.Type, &order.TimeInForce,
-			&order.Quantity, &order.Price, &order.StopPrice, &order.Status,
-			&order.FilledQuantity, &order.AvgFillPrice, &order.Commission, &order.CommissionAsset,
-			&order.Leverage, &order.ReduceOnly, &order.ClosePosition, &order.WorkingType, &order.PriceProtect,
-			&order.OrderAction, &order.RelatedPositionID,
-			&createdAt, &updatedAt, &filledAt,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// Parse times
-		if createdAt.Valid {
-			if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, createdAt.String); err == nil {
-				order.CreatedAt = t
-			}
-		}
-		if updatedAt.Valid {
-			if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, updatedAt.String); err == nil {
-				order.UpdatedAt = t
-			}
-		}
-		if filledAt.Valid {
-			if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, filledAt.String); err == nil {
-				order.FilledAt = t
-			}
-		}
-
-		orders = append(orders, &order)
-	}
-
 	return orders, nil
 }
 
-// GetOrderFills 获取订单的成交记录
+// GetOrderFills gets order's fill records
 func (s *OrderStore) GetOrderFills(orderID int64) ([]*TraderFill, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var fills []*TraderFill
-		SELECT id, trader_id, exchange_id, exchange_type, order_id, exchange_order_id, exchange_trade_id,
+	err := s.db.Where("order_id = ?", orderID).
-			symbol, side, price, quantity, quote_quantity,
+		Order("created_at ASC").
-			commission, commission_asset, realized_pnl, is_maker,
+		Find(&fills).Error
-			created_at
-		FROM trader_fills
-		WHERE order_id = ?
-		ORDER BY created_at ASC
-	`, orderID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query fills: %w", err)
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
-	var fills []*TraderFill
-	for rows.Next() {
-		var fill TraderFill
-		var createdAt sql.NullString
-		err := rows.Scan(
-			&fill.ID, &fill.TraderID, &fill.ExchangeID, &fill.ExchangeType, &fill.OrderID, &fill.ExchangeOrderID, &fill.ExchangeTradeID,
-			&fill.Symbol, &fill.Side, &fill.Price, &fill.Quantity, &fill.QuoteQuantity,
-			&fill.Commission, &fill.CommissionAsset, &fill.RealizedPnL, &fill.IsMaker,
-			&createdAt,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		if createdAt.Valid {
-			if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, createdAt.String); err == nil {
-				fill.CreatedAt = t
-			}
-		}
-
-		fills = append(fills, &fill)
-	}
-
 	return fills, nil
 }
 
-// GetTraderOrderStats 获取trader的订单统计
+// GetTraderOrderStats gets trader's order statistics
 func (s *OrderStore) GetTraderOrderStats(traderID string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
-	var totalOrders, filledOrders, canceledOrders int
+	type result struct {
-	var totalCommission, totalVolume float64
+		TotalOrders     int
-
+		FilledOrders    int
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
+		CanceledOrders  int
-		SELECT
+		TotalCommission float64
-			COUNT(*) as total_orders,
+		TotalVolume     float64
-			SUM(CASE WHEN status = 'FILLED' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) as filled_orders,
+	}
-			SUM(CASE WHEN status = 'CANCELED' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) as canceled_orders,
+	var r result
-			SUM(commission) as total_commission,
-			SUM(filled_quantity * avg_fill_price) as total_volume
-		FROM trader_orders
-		WHERE trader_id = ?
-	`, traderID).Scan(&totalOrders, &filledOrders, &canceledOrders, &totalCommission, &totalVolume)
 
+	err := s.db.Model(&TraderOrder{}).
+		Select(`COUNT(*) as total_orders,
+				SUM(CASE WHEN status = 'FILLED' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) as filled_orders,
+				SUM(CASE WHEN status = 'CANCELED' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) as canceled_orders,
+				SUM(commission) as total_commission,
+				SUM(filled_quantity * avg_fill_price) as total_volume`).
+		Where("trader_id = ?", traderID).
+		Scan(&r).Error
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get order stats: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return map[string]interface{}{
-		"total_orders":     totalOrders,
+		"total_orders":     r.TotalOrders,
-		"filled_orders":    filledOrders,
+		"filled_orders":    r.FilledOrders,
-		"canceled_orders":  canceledOrders,
+		"canceled_orders":  r.CanceledOrders,
-		"total_commission": totalCommission,
+		"total_commission": r.TotalCommission,
-		"total_volume":     totalVolume,
+		"total_volume":     r.TotalVolume,
 	}, nil
 }
 
-// CleanupDuplicateOrders 清理重复的订单记录（保留最早创建的记录）
+// CleanupDuplicateOrders cleans up duplicate order records
 func (s *OrderStore) CleanupDuplicateOrders() (int, error) {
-	result, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	result := s.db.Exec(`
 		DELETE FROM trader_orders
 		WHERE id NOT IN (
 			SELECT MIN(id)
@@ -497,17 +257,15 @@ func (s *OrderStore) CleanupDuplicateOrders() (int, error) {
 			GROUP BY exchange_id, exchange_order_id
 		)
 	`)
-	if err != nil {
+	if result.Error != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to cleanup duplicate orders: %w", err)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to cleanup duplicate orders: %w", result.Error)
 	}
-
+	return int(result.RowsAffected), nil
-	rowsAffected, _ := result.RowsAffected()
-	return int(rowsAffected), nil
 }
 
-// CleanupDuplicateFills 清理重复的成交记录（保留最早创建的记录）
+// CleanupDuplicateFills cleans up duplicate fill records
 func (s *OrderStore) CleanupDuplicateFills() (int, error) {
-	result, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	result := s.db.Exec(`
 		DELETE FROM trader_fills
 		WHERE id NOT IN (
 			SELECT MIN(id)
@@ -515,73 +273,66 @@ func (s *OrderStore) CleanupDuplicateFills() (int, error) {
 			GROUP BY exchange_id, exchange_trade_id
 		)
 	`)
-	if err != nil {
+	if result.Error != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to cleanup duplicate fills: %w", err)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to cleanup duplicate fills: %w", result.Error)
 	}
-
+	return int(result.RowsAffected), nil
-	rowsAffected, _ := result.RowsAffected()
-	return int(rowsAffected), nil
 }
 
-// GetDuplicateOrdersCount 获取重复订单的数量（用于诊断）
+// GetDuplicateOrdersCount gets duplicate orders count
 func (s *OrderStore) GetDuplicateOrdersCount() (int, error) {
-	var count int
+	var total, distinct int64
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
+	s.db.Model(&TraderOrder{}).Count(&total)
-		SELECT COUNT(*) - COUNT(DISTINCT exchange_id || ',' || exchange_order_id)
+
-		FROM trader_orders
+	// Count distinct combinations
-	`).Scan(&count)
+	var distinctResult struct{ Count int64 }
-	return count, err
+	s.db.Model(&TraderOrder{}).
+		Select("COUNT(DISTINCT exchange_id || ',' || exchange_order_id) as count").
+		Scan(&distinctResult)
+	distinct = distinctResult.Count
+
+	return int(total - distinct), nil
 }
 
-// GetDuplicateFillsCount 获取重复成交的数量（用于诊断）
+// GetDuplicateFillsCount gets duplicate fills count
 func (s *OrderStore) GetDuplicateFillsCount() (int, error) {
-	var count int
+	var total, distinct int64
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
+	s.db.Model(&TraderFill{}).Count(&total)
-		SELECT COUNT(*) - COUNT(DISTINCT exchange_id || ',' || exchange_trade_id)
+
-		FROM trader_fills
+	var distinctResult struct{ Count int64 }
-	`).Scan(&count)
+	s.db.Model(&TraderFill{}).
-	return count, err
+		Select("COUNT(DISTINCT exchange_id || ',' || exchange_trade_id) as count").
+		Scan(&distinctResult)
+	distinct = distinctResult.Count
+
+	return int(total - distinct), nil
 }
 
 // GetMaxTradeIDsByExchange returns max trade ID for each symbol for a given exchange
-// Used for incremental sync - only fetch trades with ID > maxTradeID
 func (s *OrderStore) GetMaxTradeIDsByExchange(exchangeID string) (map[string]int64, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	type symbolMaxID struct {
-		SELECT symbol, MAX(CAST(exchange_trade_id AS INTEGER)) as max_trade_id
+		Symbol     string
-		FROM trader_fills
+		MaxTradeID int64
-		WHERE exchange_id = ? AND exchange_trade_id != ''
+	}
-		GROUP BY symbol
+	var results []symbolMaxID
-	`, exchangeID)
+
+	err := s.db.Model(&TraderFill{}).
+		Select("symbol, MAX(CAST(exchange_trade_id AS INTEGER)) as max_trade_id").
+		Where("exchange_id = ? AND exchange_trade_id != ''", exchangeID).
+		Group("symbol").
+		Find(&results).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		// If CAST fails (non-numeric trade IDs), fallback to string comparison
+		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "CAST") || strings.Contains(err.Error(), "invalid") {
+			return make(map[string]int64), nil
+		}
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query max trade IDs: %w", err)
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
 
 	result := make(map[string]int64)
-	for rows.Next() {
+	for _, r := range results {
-		var symbol string
+		result[r.Symbol] = r.MaxTradeID
-		var maxID int64
-		if err := rows.Scan(&symbol, &maxID); err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		result[symbol] = maxID
 	}
 
 	return result, nil
 }
-
-// formatTimePtr formats time.Time to RFC3339 string, returns NULL for zero time
-func formatTimePtr(t time.Time) interface{} {
-	if t.IsZero() {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return t.Format(time.RFC3339)
-}
-
-// formatTimeOrNow returns the formatted time if not zero, otherwise returns now
-func formatTimeOrNow(t time.Time, now time.Time) string {
-	if t.IsZero() {
-		return now.Format(time.RFC3339)
-	}
-	return t.Format(time.RFC3339)
-}

store/store.go

@@ -7,12 +7,15 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"nofx/logger"
 	"sync"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
 // Store unified data storage interface
 type Store struct {
-	db     *sql.DB
+	gdb    *gorm.DB  // GORM database connection
-	driver *DBDriver // Database driver for abstraction
+	db     *sql.DB   // Legacy sql.DB for backward compatibility
+	driver *DBDriver // Database driver for abstraction (legacy)
 
 	// Sub-stores (lazy initialization)
 	user     *UserStore
@@ -26,105 +29,103 @@ type Store struct {
 	equity   *EquityStore
 	order    *OrderStore
 
-	// Encryption functions
-	encryptFunc func(string) string
-	decryptFunc func(string) string
-
 	mu sync.RWMutex
 }
 
 // New creates new Store instance (SQLite mode for backward compatibility)
 func New(dbPath string) (*Store, error) {
-	driver, err := NewDBDriver(DBConfig{Type: DBTypeSQLite, Path: dbPath})
+	gdb, err := InitGorm(dbPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open database: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	s := &Store{db: driver.DB(), driver: driver}
+	// Get underlying sql.DB for legacy compatibility
+	sqlDB, err := gdb.DB()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get sql.DB: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	s := &Store{gdb: gdb, db: sqlDB}
 
 	// Initialize all table structures
 	if err := s.initTables(); err != nil {
-		driver.Close()
+		sqlDB.Close()
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize table structure: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Initialize default data
 	if err := s.initDefaultData(); err != nil {
-		driver.Close()
+		sqlDB.Close()
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize default data: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	logger.Infof("✅ Database initialized (type: %s)", driver.Type)
+	logger.Infof("✅ Database initialized (GORM, SQLite)")
 	return s, nil
 }
 
-// NewFromEnv creates new Store instance from environment variables
+// NewWithConfig creates new Store instance with provided database configuration
-// DB_TYPE: sqlite (default) or postgres
+func NewWithConfig(cfg DBConfig) (*Store, error) {
-// For SQLite: DB_PATH (default: data/data.db)
+	gdb, err := InitGormWithConfig(cfg)
-// For PostgreSQL: DB_HOST, DB_PORT, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD, DB_NAME, DB_SSLMODE
-func NewFromEnv() (*Store, error) {
-	driver, err := NewDBDriverFromEnv()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open database: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	s := &Store{db: driver.DB(), driver: driver}
+	// Get underlying sql.DB for legacy compatibility
+	sqlDB, err := gdb.DB()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get sql.DB: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	s := &Store{gdb: gdb, db: sqlDB}
 
 	// Initialize all table structures
 	if err := s.initTables(); err != nil {
-		driver.Close()
+		sqlDB.Close()
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize table structure: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Initialize default data
 	if err := s.initDefaultData(); err != nil {
-		driver.Close()
+		sqlDB.Close()
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize default data: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	logger.Infof("✅ Database initialized (type: %s)", driver.Type)
+	dbTypeStr := "SQLite"
+	if cfg.Type == DBTypePostgres {
+		dbTypeStr = "PostgreSQL"
+	}
+	logger.Infof("✅ Database initialized (GORM, %s)", dbTypeStr)
 	return s, nil
 }
 
-// NewFromDB creates Store from existing database connection
+// NewFromGorm creates Store from existing GORM connection
+func NewFromGorm(gdb *gorm.DB) (*Store, error) {
+	sqlDB, err := gdb.DB()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &Store{gdb: gdb, db: sqlDB}, nil
+}
+
+// NewFromDB creates Store from existing database connection (legacy)
+// Deprecated: Use NewFromGorm instead
 func NewFromDB(db *sql.DB) *Store {
 	return &Store{db: db}
 }
 
-// SetCryptoFuncs sets encryption/decryption functions
+// initTables initializes all database tables using GORM AutoMigrate
-func (s *Store) SetCryptoFuncs(encrypt, decrypt func(string) string) {
-	s.mu.Lock()
-	defer s.mu.Unlock()
-	s.encryptFunc = encrypt
-	s.decryptFunc = decrypt
-
-	// Update already initialized sub-stores
-	if s.aiModel != nil {
-		s.aiModel.encryptFunc = encrypt
-		s.aiModel.decryptFunc = decrypt
-	}
-	if s.exchange != nil {
-		s.exchange.encryptFunc = encrypt
-		s.exchange.decryptFunc = decrypt
-	}
-	if s.trader != nil {
-		s.trader.decryptFunc = decrypt
-	}
-}
-
-// initTables initializes all database tables
 func (s *Store) initTables() error {
-	// Initialize system config table first
+	// Create system_config table (GORM handles this via raw SQL for simplicity)
-	if _, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	if err := s.gdb.Exec(`
 		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS system_config (
 			key TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
 			value TEXT NOT NULL
 		)
-	`); err != nil {
+	`).Error; err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create system_config table: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Initialize in dependency order
+	// Initialize sub-store tables
 	if err := s.User().initTables(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize user tables: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ func (s *Store) User() *UserStore {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	if s.user == nil {
-		s.user = &UserStore{db: s.db}
+		s.user = NewUserStore(s.gdb)
 	}
 	return s.user
 }
@@ -193,11 +194,7 @@ func (s *Store) AIModel() *AIModelStore {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	if s.aiModel == nil {
-		s.aiModel = &AIModelStore{
+		s.aiModel = NewAIModelStore(s.gdb)
-			db:          s.db,
-			encryptFunc: s.encryptFunc,
-			decryptFunc: s.decryptFunc,
-		}
 	}
 	return s.aiModel
 }
@@ -207,11 +204,7 @@ func (s *Store) Exchange() *ExchangeStore {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	if s.exchange == nil {
-		s.exchange = &ExchangeStore{
+		s.exchange = NewExchangeStore(s.gdb)
-			db:          s.db,
-			encryptFunc: s.encryptFunc,
-			decryptFunc: s.decryptFunc,
-		}
 	}
 	return s.exchange
 }
@@ -221,10 +214,7 @@ func (s *Store) Trader() *TraderStore {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	if s.trader == nil {
-		s.trader = &TraderStore{
+		s.trader = NewTraderStore(s.gdb)
-			db:          s.db,
-			decryptFunc: s.decryptFunc,
-		}
 	}
 	return s.trader
 }
@@ -234,7 +224,7 @@ func (s *Store) Decision() *DecisionStore {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	if s.decision == nil {
-		s.decision = &DecisionStore{db: s.db}
+		s.decision = NewDecisionStore(s.gdb)
 	}
 	return s.decision
 }
@@ -244,7 +234,7 @@ func (s *Store) Backtest() *BacktestStore {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	if s.backtest == nil {
-		s.backtest = &BacktestStore{db: s.db}
+		s.backtest = NewBacktestStore(s.gdb)
 	}
 	return s.backtest
 }
@@ -254,7 +244,7 @@ func (s *Store) Position() *PositionStore {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	if s.position == nil {
-		s.position = NewPositionStore(s.db)
+		s.position = NewPositionStore(s.gdb)
 	}
 	return s.position
 }
@@ -264,7 +254,7 @@ func (s *Store) Strategy() *StrategyStore {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	if s.strategy == nil {
-		s.strategy = &StrategyStore{db: s.db}
+		s.strategy = NewStrategyStore(s.gdb)
 	}
 	return s.strategy
 }
@@ -274,7 +264,7 @@ func (s *Store) Equity() *EquityStore {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	if s.equity == nil {
-		s.equity = &EquityStore{db: s.db}
+		s.equity = NewEquityStore(s.gdb)
 	}
 	return s.equity
 }
@@ -284,7 +274,7 @@ func (s *Store) Order() *OrderStore {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	if s.order == nil {
-		s.order = NewOrderStore(s.db)
+		s.order = NewOrderStore(s.gdb)
 	}
 	return s.order
 }
@@ -294,10 +284,18 @@ func (s *Store) Close() error {
 	if s.driver != nil {
 		return s.driver.Close()
 	}
-	return s.db.Close()
+	if s.db != nil {
+		return s.db.Close()
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
-// Driver returns database driver for abstraction
+// GormDB returns the GORM database connection
+func (s *Store) GormDB() *gorm.DB {
+	return s.gdb
+}
+
+// Driver returns database driver for abstraction (legacy)
 func (s *Store) Driver() *DBDriver {
 	return s.driver
 }
@@ -307,11 +305,25 @@ func (s *Store) DBType() DBType {
 	if s.driver != nil {
 		return s.driver.Type
 	}
+	// Detect from GORM dialector
+	if s.gdb != nil {
+		switch s.gdb.Dialector.Name() {
+		case "postgres":
+			return DBTypePostgres
+		default:
+			return DBTypeSQLite
+		}
+	}
 	return DBTypeSQLite
 }
 
-// DB gets underlying database connection (for legacy code compatibility, gradually deprecated)
+// q converts query placeholders for current database type (legacy helper)
-// Deprecated: use Store methods instead
+func (s *Store) q(query string) string {
+	return convertQuery(query, s.DBType())
+}
+
+// DB gets underlying database connection (for legacy code compatibility)
+// Deprecated: use GormDB() instead
 func (s *Store) DB() *sql.DB {
 	return s.db
 }
@@ -319,24 +331,36 @@ func (s *Store) DB() *sql.DB {
 // GetSystemConfig gets a system configuration value by key
 func (s *Store) GetSystemConfig(key string) (string, error) {
 	var value string
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`SELECT value FROM system_config WHERE key = ?`, key).Scan(&value)
+	result := s.gdb.Raw("SELECT value FROM system_config WHERE key = ?", key).Scan(&value)
-	if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
+	if result.Error != nil {
+		if result.Error == gorm.ErrRecordNotFound {
+			return "", nil
+		}
+		return "", result.Error
+	}
+	if result.RowsAffected == 0 {
 		return "", nil
 	}
-	return value, err
+	return value, nil
 }
 
 // SetSystemConfig sets a system configuration value
 func (s *Store) SetSystemConfig(key, value string) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	// Use GORM-compatible upsert
+	return s.gdb.Exec(`
 		INSERT INTO system_config (key, value) VALUES (?, ?)
 		ON CONFLICT(key) DO UPDATE SET value = excluded.value
-	`, key, value)
+	`, key, value).Error
-	return err
 }
 
-// Transaction executes transaction
+// Transaction executes transaction with GORM
-func (s *Store) Transaction(fn func(tx *sql.Tx) error) error {
+func (s *Store) Transaction(fn func(tx *gorm.DB) error) error {
+	return s.gdb.Transaction(fn)
+}
+
+// TransactionSQL executes transaction with sql.Tx (legacy)
+// Deprecated: Use Transaction() instead
+func (s *Store) TransactionSQL(fn func(tx *sql.Tx) error) error {
 	tx, err := s.db.Begin()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to begin transaction: %w", err)

store/strategy.go

@@ -1,30 +1,33 @@
 package store
 
 import (
-	"database/sql"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
 // StrategyStore strategy storage
 type StrategyStore struct {
-	db *sql.DB
+	db *gorm.DB
 }
 
 // Strategy strategy configuration
 type Strategy struct {
-	ID          string    `json:"id"`
+	ID          string    `gorm:"primaryKey" json:"id"`
-	UserID      string    `json:"user_id"`
+	UserID      string    `gorm:"column:user_id;not null;default:'';index" json:"user_id"`
-	Name        string    `json:"name"`
+	Name        string    `gorm:"not null" json:"name"`
-	Description string    `json:"description"`
+	Description string    `gorm:"default:''" json:"description"`
-	IsActive    bool      `json:"is_active"`    // whether it is active (a user can only have one active strategy)
+	IsActive    bool      `gorm:"column:is_active;default:false;index" json:"is_active"`
-	IsDefault   bool      `json:"is_default"`   // whether it is a system default strategy
+	IsDefault   bool      `gorm:"column:is_default;default:false" json:"is_default"`
-	Config      string    `json:"config"`       // strategy configuration in JSON format
+	Config      string    `gorm:"not null;default:'{}'" json:"config"`
 	CreatedAt   time.Time `json:"created_at"`
 	UpdatedAt   time.Time `json:"updated_at"`
 }
 
+func (Strategy) TableName() string { return "strategies" }
+
 // StrategyConfig strategy configuration details (JSON structure)
 type StrategyConfig struct {
 	// coin source configuration
@@ -136,24 +139,6 @@ type ExternalDataSource struct {
 }
 
 // RiskControlConfig risk control configuration
-// All parameters are clearly defined without ambiguity:
-//
-// Position Limits:
-//   - MaxPositions: max number of coins held simultaneously (CODE ENFORCED)
-//
-// Trading Leverage (exchange leverage for opening positions):
-//   - BTCETHMaxLeverage: BTC/ETH max exchange leverage (AI guided)
-//   - AltcoinMaxLeverage: Altcoin max exchange leverage (AI guided)
-//
-// Position Value Limits (single position notional value / account equity):
-//   - BTCETHMaxPositionValueRatio: BTC/ETH max = equity × ratio (CODE ENFORCED)
-//   - AltcoinMaxPositionValueRatio: Altcoin max = equity × ratio (CODE ENFORCED)
-//
-// Risk Controls:
-//   - MaxMarginUsage: max margin utilization percentage (CODE ENFORCED)
-//   - MinPositionSize: minimum position size in USDT (CODE ENFORCED)
-//   - MinRiskRewardRatio: min take_profit / stop_loss ratio (AI guided)
-//   - MinConfidence: min AI confidence to open position (AI guided)
 type RiskControlConfig struct {
 	// Max number of coins held simultaneously (CODE ENFORCED)
 	MaxPositions int `json:"max_positions"`
@@ -179,38 +164,21 @@ type RiskControlConfig struct {
 	MinConfidence int `json:"min_confidence"`
 }
 
+// NewStrategyStore creates a new StrategyStore
+func NewStrategyStore(db *gorm.DB) *StrategyStore {
+	return &StrategyStore{db: db}
+}
+
 func (s *StrategyStore) initTables() error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	// For PostgreSQL with existing table, skip AutoMigrate
-		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS strategies (
+	if s.db.Dialector.Name() == "postgres" {
-			id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+		var tableExists int64
-			user_id TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+		s.db.Raw(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'strategies'`).Scan(&tableExists)
-			name TEXT NOT NULL,
+		if tableExists > 0 {
-			description TEXT DEFAULT '',
+			return nil
-			is_active BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
+		}
-			is_default BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
-			config TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
-			created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-			updated_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-		)
-	`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
 	}
-
+	return s.db.AutoMigrate(&Strategy{})
-	// create indexes
-	_, _ = s.db.Exec(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_strategies_user_id ON strategies(user_id)`)
-	_, _ = s.db.Exec(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_strategies_is_active ON strategies(is_active)`)
-
-	// trigger: automatically update updated_at on update
-	_, err = s.db.Exec(`
-		CREATE TRIGGER IF NOT EXISTS update_strategies_updated_at
-		AFTER UPDATE ON strategies
-		BEGIN
-			UPDATE strategies SET updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP WHERE id = NEW.id;
-		END
-	`)
-
-	return err
 }
 
 func (s *StrategyStore) initDefaultData() error {
@@ -322,159 +290,93 @@ Only enter positions when multiple signals resonate. Freely use any effective an
 
 // Create create a strategy
 func (s *StrategyStore) Create(strategy *Strategy) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	return s.db.Create(strategy).Error
-		INSERT INTO strategies (id, user_id, name, description, is_active, is_default, config)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
-	`, strategy.ID, strategy.UserID, strategy.Name, strategy.Description, strategy.IsActive, strategy.IsDefault, strategy.Config)
-	return err
 }
 
 // Update update a strategy
 func (s *StrategyStore) Update(strategy *Strategy) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	return s.db.Model(&Strategy{}).
-		UPDATE strategies SET
+		Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", strategy.ID, strategy.UserID).
-			name = ?, description = ?, config = ?, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
-		WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?
+			"name":        strategy.Name,
-	`, strategy.Name, strategy.Description, strategy.Config, strategy.ID, strategy.UserID)
+			"description": strategy.Description,
-	return err
+			"config":      strategy.Config,
+			"updated_at":  time.Now(),
+		}).Error
 }
 
 // Delete delete a strategy
 func (s *StrategyStore) Delete(userID, id string) error {
 	// do not allow deleting system default strategy
-	var isDefault bool
+	var st Strategy
-	s.db.QueryRow(`SELECT is_default FROM strategies WHERE id = ?`, id).Scan(&isDefault)
+	if err := s.db.Where("id = ?", id).First(&st).Error; err == nil && st.IsDefault {
-	if isDefault {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot delete system default strategy")
 	}
 
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`DELETE FROM strategies WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?`, id, userID)
+	return s.db.Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", id, userID).Delete(&Strategy{}).Error
-	return err
 }
 
 // List get user's strategy list
 func (s *StrategyStore) List(userID string) ([]*Strategy, error) {
-	// get user's own strategies + system default strategy
+	var strategies []*Strategy
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	err := s.db.Where("user_id = ? OR is_default = ?", userID, true).
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, description, is_active, is_default, config, created_at, updated_at
+		Order("is_default DESC, created_at DESC").
-		FROM strategies
+		Find(&strategies).Error
-		WHERE user_id = ? OR is_default = 1
-		ORDER BY is_default DESC, created_at DESC
-	`, userID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
-	var strategies []*Strategy
-	for rows.Next() {
-		var st Strategy
-		var createdAt, updatedAt string
-		err := rows.Scan(
-			&st.ID, &st.UserID, &st.Name, &st.Description,
-			&st.IsActive, &st.IsDefault, &st.Config,
-			&createdAt, &updatedAt,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		st.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
-		st.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
-		strategies = append(strategies, &st)
-	}
 	return strategies, nil
 }
 
 // Get get a single strategy
 func (s *StrategyStore) Get(userID, id string) (*Strategy, error) {
 	var st Strategy
-	var createdAt, updatedAt string
+	err := s.db.Where("id = ? AND (user_id = ? OR is_default = ?)", id, userID, true).
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
+		First(&st).Error
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, description, is_active, is_default, config, created_at, updated_at
-		FROM strategies
-		WHERE id = ? AND (user_id = ? OR is_default = 1)
-	`, id, userID).Scan(
-		&st.ID, &st.UserID, &st.Name, &st.Description,
-		&st.IsActive, &st.IsDefault, &st.Config,
-		&createdAt, &updatedAt,
-	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	st.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
-	st.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
 	return &st, nil
 }
 
 // GetActive get user's currently active strategy
 func (s *StrategyStore) GetActive(userID string) (*Strategy, error) {
 	var st Strategy
-	var createdAt, updatedAt string
+	err := s.db.Where("user_id = ? AND is_active = ?", userID, true).First(&st).Error
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
+	if err == gorm.ErrRecordNotFound {
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, description, is_active, is_default, config, created_at, updated_at
-		FROM strategies
-		WHERE user_id = ? AND is_active = 1
-	`, userID).Scan(
-		&st.ID, &st.UserID, &st.Name, &st.Description,
-		&st.IsActive, &st.IsDefault, &st.Config,
-		&createdAt, &updatedAt,
-	)
-	if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
 		// no active strategy, return system default strategy
 		return s.GetDefault()
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	st.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
-	st.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
 	return &st, nil
 }
 
 // GetDefault get system default strategy
 func (s *StrategyStore) GetDefault() (*Strategy, error) {
 	var st Strategy
-	var createdAt, updatedAt string
+	err := s.db.Where("is_default = ?", true).First(&st).Error
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, description, is_active, is_default, config, created_at, updated_at
-		FROM strategies
-		WHERE is_default = 1
-		LIMIT 1
-	`).Scan(
-		&st.ID, &st.UserID, &st.Name, &st.Description,
-		&st.IsActive, &st.IsDefault, &st.Config,
-		&createdAt, &updatedAt,
-	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	st.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
-	st.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
 	return &st, nil
 }
 
 // SetActive set active strategy (will first deactivate other strategies)
 func (s *StrategyStore) SetActive(userID, strategyID string) error {
-	// begin transaction
+	return s.db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
-	tx, err := s.db.Begin()
+		// first deactivate all strategies for the user
-	if err != nil {
+		if err := tx.Model(&Strategy{}).Where("user_id = ?", userID).
-		return err
+			Update("is_active", false).Error; err != nil {
-	}
+			return err
-	defer tx.Rollback()
+		}
 
-	// first deactivate all strategies for the user
+		// activate specified strategy
-	_, err = tx.Exec(`UPDATE strategies SET is_active = 0 WHERE user_id = ?`, userID)
+		return tx.Model(&Strategy{}).
-	if err != nil {
+			Where("id = ? AND (user_id = ? OR is_default = ?)", strategyID, userID, true).
-		return err
+			Update("is_active", true).Error
-	}
+	})
-
-	// activate specified strategy
-	_, err = tx.Exec(`UPDATE strategies SET is_active = 1 WHERE id = ? AND (user_id = ? OR is_default = 1)`, strategyID, userID)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return tx.Commit()
 }
 
 // Duplicate duplicate a strategy (used to create custom strategy based on default strategy)

store/trader.go

@@ -1,43 +1,52 @@
 package store
 
 import (
-	"database/sql"
 	"fmt"
-	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
 // TraderStore trader storage
 type TraderStore struct {
-	db          *sql.DB
+	db *gorm.DB
-	decryptFunc func(string) string
+}
+
+// NewTraderStore creates a new trader store
+func NewTraderStore(db *gorm.DB) *TraderStore {
+	return &TraderStore{db: db}
 }
 
 // Trader trader configuration
 type Trader struct {
-	ID                  string    `json:"id"`
+	ID                  string    `gorm:"primaryKey" json:"id"`
-	UserID              string    `json:"user_id"`
+	UserID              string    `gorm:"column:user_id;not null;default:default;index" json:"user_id"`
-	Name                string    `json:"name"`
+	Name                string    `gorm:"column:name;not null" json:"name"`
-	AIModelID           string    `json:"ai_model_id"`
+	AIModelID           string    `gorm:"column:ai_model_id;not null" json:"ai_model_id"`
-	ExchangeID          string    `json:"exchange_id"`
+	ExchangeID          string    `gorm:"column:exchange_id;not null" json:"exchange_id"`
-	StrategyID          string    `json:"strategy_id"`           // Associated strategy ID
+	StrategyID          string    `gorm:"column:strategy_id;default:''" json:"strategy_id"`
-	InitialBalance      float64   `json:"initial_balance"`
+	InitialBalance      float64   `gorm:"column:initial_balance;not null" json:"initial_balance"`
-	ScanIntervalMinutes int       `json:"scan_interval_minutes"`
+	ScanIntervalMinutes int       `gorm:"column:scan_interval_minutes;default:3" json:"scan_interval_minutes"`
-	IsRunning           bool      `json:"is_running"`
+	IsRunning           bool      `gorm:"column:is_running;default:false" json:"is_running"`
-	IsCrossMargin       bool      `json:"is_cross_margin"`
+	IsCrossMargin       bool      `gorm:"column:is_cross_margin;default:true" json:"is_cross_margin"`
-	ShowInCompetition   bool      `json:"show_in_competition"`   // Whether to show in competition page
+	ShowInCompetition   bool      `gorm:"column:show_in_competition;default:true" json:"show_in_competition"`
-	CreatedAt           time.Time `json:"created_at"`
+	CreatedAt           time.Time `gorm:"column:created_at;autoCreateTime" json:"created_at"`
-	UpdatedAt           time.Time `json:"updated_at"`
+	UpdatedAt           time.Time `gorm:"column:updated_at;autoUpdateTime" json:"updated_at"`
 
 	// Following fields are deprecated, kept for backward compatibility, new traders should use StrategyID
-	BTCETHLeverage       int    `json:"btc_eth_leverage,omitempty"`
+	BTCETHLeverage       int    `gorm:"column:btc_eth_leverage;default:5" json:"btc_eth_leverage,omitempty"`
-	AltcoinLeverage      int    `json:"altcoin_leverage,omitempty"`
+	AltcoinLeverage      int    `gorm:"column:altcoin_leverage;default:5" json:"altcoin_leverage,omitempty"`
-	TradingSymbols       string `json:"trading_symbols,omitempty"`
+	TradingSymbols       string `gorm:"column:trading_symbols;default:''" json:"trading_symbols,omitempty"`
-	UseCoinPool          bool   `json:"use_coin_pool,omitempty"`
+	UseCoinPool          bool   `gorm:"column:use_coin_pool;default:false" json:"use_coin_pool,omitempty"`
-	UseOITop             bool   `json:"use_oi_top,omitempty"`
+	UseOITop             bool   `gorm:"column:use_oi_top;default:false" json:"use_oi_top,omitempty"`
-	CustomPrompt         string `json:"custom_prompt,omitempty"`
+	CustomPrompt         string `gorm:"column:custom_prompt;default:''" json:"custom_prompt,omitempty"`
-	OverrideBasePrompt   bool   `json:"override_base_prompt,omitempty"`
+	OverrideBasePrompt   bool   `gorm:"column:override_base_prompt;default:false" json:"override_base_prompt,omitempty"`
-	SystemPromptTemplate string `json:"system_prompt_template,omitempty"`
+	SystemPromptTemplate string `gorm:"column:system_prompt_template;default:default" json:"system_prompt_template,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// TableName returns the table name for Trader
+func (Trader) TableName() string {
+	return "traders"
 }
 
 // TraderFullConfig trader full configuration (includes AI model, exchange and strategy)
@@ -45,331 +54,130 @@ type TraderFullConfig struct {
 	Trader   *Trader
 	AIModel  *AIModel
 	Exchange *Exchange
-	Strategy *Strategy // Associated strategy configuration
+	Strategy *Strategy
 }
 
 func (s *TraderStore) initTables() error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	// For PostgreSQL with existing table, skip AutoMigrate
-		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS traders (
+	if s.db.Dialector.Name() == "postgres" {
-			id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+		var tableExists int64
-			user_id TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'default',
+		s.db.Raw(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'traders'`).Scan(&tableExists)
-			name TEXT NOT NULL,
+		if tableExists > 0 {
-			ai_model_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+			return nil
-			exchange_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+		}
-			initial_balance REAL NOT NULL,
-			scan_interval_minutes INTEGER DEFAULT 3,
-			is_running BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
-			btc_eth_leverage INTEGER DEFAULT 5,
-			altcoin_leverage INTEGER DEFAULT 5,
-			trading_symbols TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			use_coin_pool BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
-			use_oi_top BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
-			custom_prompt TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			override_base_prompt BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
-			system_prompt_template TEXT DEFAULT 'default',
-			is_cross_margin BOOLEAN DEFAULT 1,
-			created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-			updated_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-		)
-	`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
 	}
-
+	// Use GORM AutoMigrate
-	// Trigger
+	if err := s.db.AutoMigrate(&Trader{}); err != nil {
-	_, err = s.db.Exec(`
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to migrate traders table: %w", err)
-		CREATE TRIGGER IF NOT EXISTS update_traders_updated_at
-		AFTER UPDATE ON traders
-		BEGIN
-			UPDATE traders SET updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP WHERE id = NEW.id;
-		END
-	`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
 	}
-
-	// Backward compatibility
-	alterQueries := []string{
-		`ALTER TABLE traders ADD COLUMN custom_prompt TEXT DEFAULT ''`,
-		`ALTER TABLE traders ADD COLUMN override_base_prompt BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0`,
-		`ALTER TABLE traders ADD COLUMN is_cross_margin BOOLEAN DEFAULT 1`,
-		`ALTER TABLE traders ADD COLUMN btc_eth_leverage INTEGER DEFAULT 5`,
-		`ALTER TABLE traders ADD COLUMN altcoin_leverage INTEGER DEFAULT 5`,
-		`ALTER TABLE traders ADD COLUMN trading_symbols TEXT DEFAULT ''`,
-		`ALTER TABLE traders ADD COLUMN use_coin_pool BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0`,
-		`ALTER TABLE traders ADD COLUMN use_oi_top BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0`,
-		`ALTER TABLE traders ADD COLUMN system_prompt_template TEXT DEFAULT 'default'`,
-		`ALTER TABLE traders ADD COLUMN strategy_id TEXT DEFAULT ''`,
-		`ALTER TABLE traders ADD COLUMN show_in_competition BOOLEAN DEFAULT 1`,
-	}
-	for _, q := range alterQueries {
-		s.db.Exec(q)
-	}
-
-	// Migration: Remove FOREIGN KEY constraint from existing traders table
-	// SQLite doesn't support ALTER TABLE DROP CONSTRAINT, so we need to recreate the table
-	if err := s.migrateTradersRemoveFK(); err != nil {
-		// Log but don't fail - this is a best-effort migration
-		// The constraint may not exist in older databases
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 
-// migrateTradersRemoveFK removes FOREIGN KEY constraint from traders table if it exists
-func (s *TraderStore) migrateTradersRemoveFK() error {
-	// Check if the table has a foreign key constraint by examining the schema
-	var sql string
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name='traders'`).Scan(&sql)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// If no FOREIGN KEY in schema, no migration needed
-	if !strings.Contains(sql, "FOREIGN KEY") {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	// Recreate table without FOREIGN KEY constraint
-	_, err = s.db.Exec(`
-		-- Create new table without FOREIGN KEY
-		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS traders_new (
-			id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
-			user_id TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'default',
-			name TEXT NOT NULL,
-			ai_model_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-			exchange_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-			initial_balance REAL NOT NULL,
-			scan_interval_minutes INTEGER DEFAULT 3,
-			is_running BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
-			btc_eth_leverage INTEGER DEFAULT 5,
-			altcoin_leverage INTEGER DEFAULT 5,
-			trading_symbols TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			use_coin_pool BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
-			use_oi_top BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
-			custom_prompt TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			override_base_prompt BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
-			system_prompt_template TEXT DEFAULT 'default',
-			is_cross_margin BOOLEAN DEFAULT 1,
-			strategy_id TEXT DEFAULT '',
-			created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-			updated_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-		);
-
-		-- Copy data from old table
-		INSERT OR IGNORE INTO traders_new
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, ai_model_id, exchange_id, initial_balance,
-		       scan_interval_minutes, is_running, btc_eth_leverage, altcoin_leverage,
-		       trading_symbols, use_coin_pool, use_oi_top, custom_prompt,
-		       override_base_prompt, system_prompt_template, is_cross_margin,
-		       COALESCE(strategy_id, ''), created_at, updated_at
-		FROM traders;
-
-		-- Drop old table
-		DROP TABLE traders;
-
-		-- Rename new table
-		ALTER TABLE traders_new RENAME TO traders;
-	`)
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Recreate trigger
-	_, err = s.db.Exec(`
-		CREATE TRIGGER IF NOT EXISTS update_traders_updated_at
-		AFTER UPDATE ON traders
-		BEGIN
-			UPDATE traders SET updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP WHERE id = NEW.id;
-		END
-	`)
-
-	return err
-}
-
-func (s *TraderStore) decrypt(encrypted string) string {
-	if s.decryptFunc != nil {
-		return s.decryptFunc(encrypted)
-	}
-	return encrypted
-}
-
 // Create creates trader
 func (s *TraderStore) Create(trader *Trader) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	return s.db.Create(trader).Error
-		INSERT INTO traders (id, user_id, name, ai_model_id, exchange_id, strategy_id, initial_balance,
-		                     scan_interval_minutes, is_running, is_cross_margin, show_in_competition,
-		                     btc_eth_leverage, altcoin_leverage, trading_symbols, use_coin_pool,
-		                     use_oi_top, custom_prompt, override_base_prompt, system_prompt_template)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
-	`, trader.ID, trader.UserID, trader.Name, trader.AIModelID, trader.ExchangeID, trader.StrategyID,
-		trader.InitialBalance, trader.ScanIntervalMinutes, trader.IsRunning, trader.IsCrossMargin, trader.ShowInCompetition,
-		trader.BTCETHLeverage, trader.AltcoinLeverage, trader.TradingSymbols, trader.UseCoinPool,
-		trader.UseOITop, trader.CustomPrompt, trader.OverrideBasePrompt, trader.SystemPromptTemplate)
-	return err
 }
 
 // List gets user's trader list
 func (s *TraderStore) List(userID string) ([]*Trader, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var traders []*Trader
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, ai_model_id, exchange_id, COALESCE(strategy_id, ''),
+	err := s.db.Where("user_id = ?", userID).
-		       initial_balance, scan_interval_minutes, is_running, COALESCE(is_cross_margin, 1),
+		Order("created_at DESC").
-		       COALESCE(show_in_competition, 1),
+		Find(&traders).Error
-		       COALESCE(btc_eth_leverage, 5), COALESCE(altcoin_leverage, 5), COALESCE(trading_symbols, ''),
-		       COALESCE(use_coin_pool, 0), COALESCE(use_oi_top, 0), COALESCE(custom_prompt, ''),
-		       COALESCE(override_base_prompt, 0), COALESCE(system_prompt_template, 'default'),
-		       created_at, updated_at
-		FROM traders WHERE user_id = ? ORDER BY created_at DESC
-	`, userID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
-	var traders []*Trader
-	for rows.Next() {
-		var t Trader
-		var createdAt, updatedAt string
-		err := rows.Scan(
-			&t.ID, &t.UserID, &t.Name, &t.AIModelID, &t.ExchangeID, &t.StrategyID,
-			&t.InitialBalance, &t.ScanIntervalMinutes, &t.IsRunning, &t.IsCrossMargin,
-			&t.ShowInCompetition,
-			&t.BTCETHLeverage, &t.AltcoinLeverage, &t.TradingSymbols,
-			&t.UseCoinPool, &t.UseOITop, &t.CustomPrompt, &t.OverrideBasePrompt,
-			&t.SystemPromptTemplate, &createdAt, &updatedAt,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		t.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
-		t.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
-		traders = append(traders, &t)
-	}
 	return traders, nil
 }
 
 // UpdateStatus updates trader running status
 func (s *TraderStore) UpdateStatus(userID, id string, isRunning bool) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`UPDATE traders SET is_running = ? WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?`, isRunning, id, userID)
+	return s.db.Model(&Trader{}).
-	return err
+		Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", id, userID).
+		Update("is_running", isRunning).Error
 }
 
 // UpdateShowInCompetition updates trader competition visibility
 func (s *TraderStore) UpdateShowInCompetition(userID, id string, showInCompetition bool) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`UPDATE traders SET show_in_competition = ? WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?`, showInCompetition, id, userID)
+	return s.db.Model(&Trader{}).
-	return err
+		Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", id, userID).
+		Update("show_in_competition", showInCompetition).Error
 }
 
 // Update updates trader configuration
 func (s *TraderStore) Update(trader *Trader) error {
 	fmt.Printf("📝 TraderStore.Update: ID=%s, Name=%s, AIModelID=%s, StrategyID=%s\n",
 		trader.ID, trader.Name, trader.AIModelID, trader.StrategyID)
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+
-		UPDATE traders SET
+	updates := map[string]interface{}{
-			name = ?,
+		"name":           trader.Name,
-			ai_model_id = ?,
+		"ai_model_id":    trader.AIModelID,
-			exchange_id = ?,
+		"exchange_id":    trader.ExchangeID,
-			strategy_id = ?,
+		"strategy_id":    trader.StrategyID,
-			initial_balance = CASE WHEN ? > 0 THEN ? ELSE initial_balance END,
+		"is_cross_margin": trader.IsCrossMargin,
-			scan_interval_minutes = CASE WHEN ? > 0 THEN ? ELSE scan_interval_minutes END,
+		"show_in_competition": trader.ShowInCompetition,
-			is_cross_margin = ?,
+	}
-			show_in_competition = ?,
+
-			updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+	// Only update these if > 0
-		WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?
+	if trader.InitialBalance > 0 {
-	`, trader.Name, trader.AIModelID, trader.ExchangeID, trader.StrategyID,
+		updates["initial_balance"] = trader.InitialBalance
-		trader.InitialBalance, trader.InitialBalance,
+	}
-		trader.ScanIntervalMinutes, trader.ScanIntervalMinutes,
+	if trader.ScanIntervalMinutes > 0 {
-		trader.IsCrossMargin, trader.ShowInCompetition,
+		updates["scan_interval_minutes"] = trader.ScanIntervalMinutes
-		trader.ID, trader.UserID)
+	}
-	return err
+
+	return s.db.Model(&Trader{}).
+		Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", trader.ID, trader.UserID).
+		Updates(updates).Error
 }
 
 // UpdateInitialBalance updates initial balance
 func (s *TraderStore) UpdateInitialBalance(userID, id string, newBalance float64) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`UPDATE traders SET initial_balance = ? WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?`, newBalance, id, userID)
+	return s.db.Model(&Trader{}).
-	return err
+		Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", id, userID).
+		Update("initial_balance", newBalance).Error
 }
 
 // UpdateCustomPrompt updates custom prompt
 func (s *TraderStore) UpdateCustomPrompt(userID, id string, customPrompt string, overrideBase bool) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`UPDATE traders SET custom_prompt = ?, override_base_prompt = ? WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?`,
+	return s.db.Model(&Trader{}).
-		customPrompt, overrideBase, id, userID)
+		Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", id, userID).
-	return err
+		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
+			"custom_prompt":        customPrompt,
+			"override_base_prompt": overrideBase,
+		}).Error
 }
 
 // Delete deletes trader and associated data
 func (s *TraderStore) Delete(userID, id string) error {
 	// Delete associated equity snapshots first
-	_, _ = s.db.Exec(`DELETE FROM trader_equity_snapshots WHERE trader_id = ?`, id)
+	s.db.Where("trader_id = ?", id).Delete(&EquitySnapshot{})
 
 	// Delete the trader
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`DELETE FROM traders WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?`, id, userID)
+	return s.db.Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", id, userID).Delete(&Trader{}).Error
-	return err
 }
 
 // GetFullConfig gets trader full configuration
 func (s *TraderStore) GetFullConfig(userID, traderID string) (*TraderFullConfig, error) {
 	var trader Trader
-	var aiModel AIModel
+	err := s.db.Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", traderID, userID).First(&trader).Error
-	var exchange Exchange
-	var traderCreatedAt, traderUpdatedAt string
-	var aiModelCreatedAt, aiModelUpdatedAt string
-	var exchangeCreatedAt, exchangeUpdatedAt string
-
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
-		SELECT
-			t.id, t.user_id, t.name, t.ai_model_id, t.exchange_id, COALESCE(t.strategy_id, ''),
-			t.initial_balance, t.scan_interval_minutes, t.is_running, COALESCE(t.is_cross_margin, 1),
-			COALESCE(t.btc_eth_leverage, 5), COALESCE(t.altcoin_leverage, 5), COALESCE(t.trading_symbols, ''),
-			COALESCE(t.use_coin_pool, 0), COALESCE(t.use_oi_top, 0), COALESCE(t.custom_prompt, ''),
-			COALESCE(t.override_base_prompt, 0), COALESCE(t.system_prompt_template, 'default'),
-			t.created_at, t.updated_at,
-			a.id, a.user_id, a.name, a.provider, a.enabled, a.api_key,
-			COALESCE(a.custom_api_url, ''), COALESCE(a.custom_model_name, ''), a.created_at, a.updated_at,
-			e.id, COALESCE(e.exchange_type, '') as exchange_type, COALESCE(e.account_name, '') as account_name,
-			e.user_id, e.name, e.type, e.enabled, e.api_key, e.secret_key, COALESCE(e.passphrase, ''), e.testnet,
-			COALESCE(e.hyperliquid_wallet_addr, ''), COALESCE(e.aster_user, ''), COALESCE(e.aster_signer, ''),
-			COALESCE(e.aster_private_key, ''), COALESCE(e.lighter_wallet_addr, ''), COALESCE(e.lighter_private_key, ''),
-			COALESCE(e.lighter_api_key_private_key, ''), COALESCE(e.lighter_api_key_index, 0), e.created_at, e.updated_at
-		FROM traders t
-		JOIN ai_models a ON t.ai_model_id = a.id AND t.user_id = a.user_id
-		JOIN exchanges e ON t.exchange_id = e.id AND t.user_id = e.user_id
-		WHERE t.id = ? AND t.user_id = ?
-	`, traderID, userID).Scan(
-		&trader.ID, &trader.UserID, &trader.Name, &trader.AIModelID, &trader.ExchangeID, &trader.StrategyID,
-		&trader.InitialBalance, &trader.ScanIntervalMinutes, &trader.IsRunning, &trader.IsCrossMargin,
-		&trader.BTCETHLeverage, &trader.AltcoinLeverage, &trader.TradingSymbols,
-		&trader.UseCoinPool, &trader.UseOITop, &trader.CustomPrompt, &trader.OverrideBasePrompt,
-		&trader.SystemPromptTemplate, &traderCreatedAt, &traderUpdatedAt,
-		&aiModel.ID, &aiModel.UserID, &aiModel.Name, &aiModel.Provider, &aiModel.Enabled, &aiModel.APIKey,
-		&aiModel.CustomAPIURL, &aiModel.CustomModelName, &aiModelCreatedAt, &aiModelUpdatedAt,
-		&exchange.ID, &exchange.ExchangeType, &exchange.AccountName,
-		&exchange.UserID, &exchange.Name, &exchange.Type, &exchange.Enabled,
-		&exchange.APIKey, &exchange.SecretKey, &exchange.Passphrase, &exchange.Testnet, &exchange.HyperliquidWalletAddr,
-		&exchange.AsterUser, &exchange.AsterSigner, &exchange.AsterPrivateKey,
-		&exchange.LighterWalletAddr, &exchange.LighterPrivateKey, &exchange.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey, &exchange.LighterAPIKeyIndex,
-		&exchangeCreatedAt, &exchangeUpdatedAt,
-	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	trader.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", traderCreatedAt)
+	// Get AI model
-	trader.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", traderUpdatedAt)
+	var aiModel AIModel
-	aiModel.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", aiModelCreatedAt)
+	err = s.db.Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", trader.AIModelID, userID).First(&aiModel).Error
-	aiModel.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", aiModelUpdatedAt)
+	if err != nil {
-	exchange.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", exchangeCreatedAt)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get AI model: %w", err)
-	exchange.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", exchangeUpdatedAt)
+	}
 
-	// Decrypt
+	// Get exchange
-	aiModel.APIKey = s.decrypt(aiModel.APIKey)
+	var exchange Exchange
-	exchange.APIKey = s.decrypt(exchange.APIKey)
+	err = s.db.Where("id = ? AND user_id = ?", trader.ExchangeID, userID).First(&exchange).Error
-	exchange.SecretKey = s.decrypt(exchange.SecretKey)
+	if err != nil {
-	exchange.Passphrase = s.decrypt(exchange.Passphrase)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get exchange: %w", err)
-	exchange.AsterPrivateKey = s.decrypt(exchange.AsterPrivateKey)
+	}
-	exchange.LighterPrivateKey = s.decrypt(exchange.LighterPrivateKey)
-	exchange.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey = s.decrypt(exchange.LighterAPIKeyPrivateKey)
 
 	// Load associated strategy
 	var strategy *Strategy
@@ -392,119 +200,48 @@ func (s *TraderStore) GetFullConfig(userID, traderID string) (*TraderFullConfig,
 // getStrategyByID internal method: gets strategy by ID
 func (s *TraderStore) getStrategyByID(userID, strategyID string) (*Strategy, error) {
 	var strategy Strategy
-	var createdAt, updatedAt string
+	err := s.db.Where("id = ? AND (user_id = ? OR is_default = ?)", strategyID, userID, true).
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
+		First(&strategy).Error
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, description, is_active, is_default, config, created_at, updated_at
-		FROM strategies WHERE id = ? AND (user_id = ? OR is_default = 1)
-	`, strategyID, userID).Scan(
-		&strategy.ID, &strategy.UserID, &strategy.Name, &strategy.Description,
-		&strategy.IsActive, &strategy.IsDefault, &strategy.Config, &createdAt, &updatedAt,
-	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	strategy.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
-	strategy.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
 	return &strategy, nil
 }
 
 // getActiveOrDefaultStrategy internal method: gets user's active strategy or system default strategy
 func (s *TraderStore) getActiveOrDefaultStrategy(userID string) (*Strategy, error) {
 	var strategy Strategy
-	var createdAt, updatedAt string
 
 	// First try to get user's active strategy
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
+	err := s.db.Where("user_id = ? AND is_active = ?", userID, true).First(&strategy).Error
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, description, is_active, is_default, config, created_at, updated_at
-		FROM strategies WHERE user_id = ? AND is_active = 1
-	`, userID).Scan(
-		&strategy.ID, &strategy.UserID, &strategy.Name, &strategy.Description,
-		&strategy.IsActive, &strategy.IsDefault, &strategy.Config, &createdAt, &updatedAt,
-	)
 	if err == nil {
-		strategy.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
-		strategy.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
 		return &strategy, nil
 	}
 
 	// Fallback to system default strategy
-	err = s.db.QueryRow(`
+	err = s.db.Where("is_default = ?", true).First(&strategy).Error
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, description, is_active, is_default, config, created_at, updated_at
-		FROM strategies WHERE is_default = 1 LIMIT 1
-	`).Scan(
-		&strategy.ID, &strategy.UserID, &strategy.Name, &strategy.Description,
-		&strategy.IsActive, &strategy.IsDefault, &strategy.Config, &createdAt, &updatedAt,
-	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	strategy.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
-	strategy.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
 	return &strategy, nil
 }
 
-// ListAll gets all users' trader list
 // GetByID gets a trader by ID without requiring userID (for public APIs)
 func (s *TraderStore) GetByID(traderID string) (*Trader, error) {
-	var t Trader
+	var trader Trader
-	var createdAt, updatedAt string
+	err := s.db.Where("id = ?", traderID).First(&trader).Error
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, ai_model_id, exchange_id, COALESCE(strategy_id, ''),
-		       initial_balance, scan_interval_minutes, is_running, COALESCE(is_cross_margin, 1),
-		       COALESCE(btc_eth_leverage, 5), COALESCE(altcoin_leverage, 5), COALESCE(trading_symbols, ''),
-		       COALESCE(use_coin_pool, 0), COALESCE(use_oi_top, 0), COALESCE(custom_prompt, ''),
-		       COALESCE(override_base_prompt, 0), COALESCE(system_prompt_template, 'default'),
-		       created_at, updated_at
-		FROM traders WHERE id = ?
-	`, traderID).Scan(
-		&t.ID, &t.UserID, &t.Name, &t.AIModelID, &t.ExchangeID, &t.StrategyID,
-		&t.InitialBalance, &t.ScanIntervalMinutes, &t.IsRunning, &t.IsCrossMargin,
-		&t.BTCETHLeverage, &t.AltcoinLeverage, &t.TradingSymbols,
-		&t.UseCoinPool, &t.UseOITop, &t.CustomPrompt, &t.OverrideBasePrompt,
-		&t.SystemPromptTemplate, &createdAt, &updatedAt,
-	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	t.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
+	return &trader, nil
-	t.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
-	return &t, nil
 }
 
+// ListAll gets all traders
 func (s *TraderStore) ListAll() ([]*Trader, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`
+	var traders []*Trader
-		SELECT id, user_id, name, ai_model_id, exchange_id, COALESCE(strategy_id, ''),
+	err := s.db.Order("created_at DESC").Find(&traders).Error
-		       initial_balance, scan_interval_minutes, is_running, COALESCE(is_cross_margin, 1),
-		       COALESCE(show_in_competition, 1),
-		       COALESCE(btc_eth_leverage, 5), COALESCE(altcoin_leverage, 5), COALESCE(trading_symbols, ''),
-		       COALESCE(use_coin_pool, 0), COALESCE(use_oi_top, 0), COALESCE(custom_prompt, ''),
-		       COALESCE(override_base_prompt, 0), COALESCE(system_prompt_template, 'default'),
-		       created_at, updated_at
-		FROM traders ORDER BY created_at DESC
-	`)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
-	var traders []*Trader
-	for rows.Next() {
-		var t Trader
-		var createdAt, updatedAt string
-		err := rows.Scan(
-			&t.ID, &t.UserID, &t.Name, &t.AIModelID, &t.ExchangeID, &t.StrategyID,
-			&t.InitialBalance, &t.ScanIntervalMinutes, &t.IsRunning, &t.IsCrossMargin,
-			&t.ShowInCompetition,
-			&t.BTCETHLeverage, &t.AltcoinLeverage, &t.TradingSymbols,
-			&t.UseCoinPool, &t.UseOITop, &t.CustomPrompt, &t.OverrideBasePrompt,
-			&t.SystemPromptTemplate, &createdAt, &updatedAt,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		t.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
-		t.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
-		traders = append(traders, &t)
-	}
 	return traders, nil
 }

store/user.go

@@ -2,27 +2,30 @@ package store
 
 import (
 	"crypto/rand"
-	"database/sql"
 	"encoding/base32"
 	"time"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
 // UserStore user storage
 type UserStore struct {
-	db *sql.DB
+	db *gorm.DB
 }
 
-// User user
+// User user model
 type User struct {
-	ID           string    `json:"id"`
+	ID           string    `gorm:"primaryKey" json:"id"`
-	Email        string    `json:"email"`
+	Email        string    `gorm:"uniqueIndex:idx_users_email;not null" json:"email"`
-	PasswordHash string    `json:"-"`
+	PasswordHash string    `gorm:"column:password_hash;not null" json:"-"`
-	OTPSecret    string    `json:"-"`
+	OTPSecret    string    `gorm:"column:otp_secret" json:"-"`
-	OTPVerified  bool      `json:"otp_verified"`
+	OTPVerified  bool      `gorm:"column:otp_verified;default:false" json:"otp_verified"`
 	CreatedAt    time.Time `json:"created_at"`
 	UpdatedAt    time.Time `json:"updated_at"`
 }
 
+func (User) TableName() string { return "users" }
+
 // GenerateOTPSecret generates OTP secret
 func GenerateOTPSecret() (string, error) {
 	secret := make([]byte, 20)
@@ -33,131 +36,101 @@ func GenerateOTPSecret() (string, error) {
 	return base32.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(secret), nil
 }
 
+// NewUserStore creates a new UserStore
+func NewUserStore(db *gorm.DB) *UserStore {
+	return &UserStore{db: db}
+}
+
 func (s *UserStore) initTables() error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	// For PostgreSQL with existing table, skip AutoMigrate to avoid index conflicts
-		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (
+	if s.db.Dialector.Name() == "postgres" {
-			id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+		var tableExists int64
-			email TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL,
+		s.db.Raw(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'users'`).Scan(&tableExists)
-			password_hash TEXT NOT NULL,
-			otp_secret TEXT,
-			otp_verified BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0,
-			created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-			updated_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-		)
-	`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
 
-	// Trigger
+		if tableExists > 0 {
-	_, err = s.db.Exec(`
+			// Table exists - manually ensure all columns exist
-		CREATE TRIGGER IF NOT EXISTS update_users_updated_at
+			// Core columns (should already exist)
-		AFTER UPDATE ON users
+			s.db.Exec(`ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS email TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT ''`)
-		BEGIN
+			s.db.Exec(`ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS password_hash TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT ''`)
-			UPDATE users SET updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP WHERE id = NEW.id;
+			s.db.Exec(`ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`)
-		END
+			s.db.Exec(`ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS updated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`)
-	`)
+			// OTP columns (added later)
-	if err != nil {
+			s.db.Exec(`ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS otp_secret TEXT DEFAULT ''`)
-		return err
+			s.db.Exec(`ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS otp_verified BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE`)
-	}
 
-	return nil
+			// Ensure unique index exists on email (don't care about the name)
+			var indexExists int64
+			s.db.Raw(`
+				SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pg_indexes
+				WHERE tablename = 'users' AND indexdef LIKE '%email%' AND indexdef LIKE '%UNIQUE%'
+			`).Scan(&indexExists)
+
+			if indexExists == 0 {
+				s.db.Exec("CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email)")
+			}
+
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+	return s.db.AutoMigrate(&User{})
 }
 
 // Create creates user
 func (s *UserStore) Create(user *User) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	return s.db.Create(user).Error
-		INSERT INTO users (id, email, password_hash, otp_secret, otp_verified)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
-	`, user.ID, user.Email, user.PasswordHash, user.OTPSecret, user.OTPVerified)
-	return err
 }
 
 // GetByEmail gets user by email
 func (s *UserStore) GetByEmail(email string) (*User, error) {
 	var user User
-	var createdAt, updatedAt string
+	err := s.db.Where("email = ?", email).First(&user).Error
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
-		SELECT id, email, password_hash, otp_secret, otp_verified, created_at, updated_at
-		FROM users WHERE email = ?
-	`, email).Scan(
-		&user.ID, &user.Email, &user.PasswordHash, &user.OTPSecret,
-		&user.OTPVerified, &createdAt, &updatedAt,
-	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	user.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
-	user.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
 	return &user, nil
 }
 
 // GetByID gets user by ID
 func (s *UserStore) GetByID(userID string) (*User, error) {
 	var user User
-	var createdAt, updatedAt string
+	err := s.db.Where("id = ?", userID).First(&user).Error
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`
-		SELECT id, email, password_hash, otp_secret, otp_verified, created_at, updated_at
-		FROM users WHERE id = ?
-	`, userID).Scan(
-		&user.ID, &user.Email, &user.PasswordHash, &user.OTPSecret,
-		&user.OTPVerified, &createdAt, &updatedAt,
-	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	user.CreatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", createdAt)
-	user.UpdatedAt, _ = time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", updatedAt)
 	return &user, nil
 }
 
 // Count returns the total number of users
 func (s *UserStore) Count() (int, error) {
-	var count int
+	var count int64
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users`).Scan(&count)
+	err := s.db.Model(&User{}).Count(&count).Error
-	return count, err
+	return int(count), err
 }
 
 // GetAllIDs gets all user IDs
 func (s *UserStore) GetAllIDs() ([]string, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.Query(`SELECT id FROM users ORDER BY id`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
 	var userIDs []string
-	for rows.Next() {
+	err := s.db.Model(&User{}).Order("id").Pluck("id", &userIDs).Error
-		var userID string
+	return userIDs, err
-		if err := rows.Scan(&userID); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		userIDs = append(userIDs, userID)
-	}
-	return userIDs, nil
 }
 
 // UpdateOTPVerified updates OTP verification status
 func (s *UserStore) UpdateOTPVerified(userID string, verified bool) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`UPDATE users SET otp_verified = ? WHERE id = ?`, verified, userID)
+	return s.db.Model(&User{}).Where("id = ?", userID).Update("otp_verified", verified).Error
-	return err
 }
 
 // UpdatePassword updates password
 func (s *UserStore) UpdatePassword(userID, passwordHash string) error {
-	_, err := s.db.Exec(`
+	return s.db.Model(&User{}).Where("id = ?", userID).Updates(map[string]interface{}{
-		UPDATE users SET password_hash = ?, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP WHERE id = ?
+		"password_hash": passwordHash,
-	`, passwordHash, userID)
+		"updated_at":    time.Now(),
-	return err
+	}).Error
 }
 
 // EnsureAdmin ensures admin user exists
 func (s *UserStore) EnsureAdmin() error {
-	var count int
+	var count int64
-	err := s.db.QueryRow(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users WHERE id = 'admin'`).Scan(&count)
+	s.db.Model(&User{}).Where("id = ?", "admin").Count(&count)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
 	if count > 0 {
 		return nil
 	}

trader/exchange_sync_test.go

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 package trader
 
 import (
-	"database/sql"
 	"nofx/store"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
+	"gorm.io/driver/sqlite"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
 )
 
 // TestScenario represents a trading scenario to test
@@ -116,11 +117,12 @@ func runStandardTests(t *testing.T, exchangeName string) {
 	for _, scenario := range scenarios {
 		t.Run(scenario.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			// Setup database
-			db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", ":memory:")
+			db, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(":memory:"), &gorm.Config{
+				Logger: logger.Default.LogMode(logger.Silent),
+			})
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("Failed to create test database: %v", err)
 			}
-			defer db.Close()
 
 			positionStore := store.NewPositionStore(db)
 			if err := positionStore.InitTables(); err != nil {
@@ -199,11 +201,12 @@ func TestAllExchangesStandardScenarios(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestPositionAccumulationBug tests that positions don't accumulate incorrectly
 func TestPositionAccumulationBug(t *testing.T) {
-	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", ":memory:")
+	db, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(":memory:"), &gorm.Config{
+		Logger: logger.Default.LogMode(logger.Silent),
+	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create test database: %v", err)
 	}
-	defer db.Close()
 
 	positionStore := store.NewPositionStore(db)
 	if err := positionStore.InitTables(); err != nil {
@@ -283,11 +286,12 @@ func TestPositionAccumulationBug(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestQuantityPrecision tests handling of quantity precision issues
 func TestQuantityPrecision(t *testing.T) {
-	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", ":memory:")
+	db, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(":memory:"), &gorm.Config{
+		Logger: logger.Default.LogMode(logger.Silent),
+	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create test database: %v", err)
 	}
-	defer db.Close()
 
 	positionStore := store.NewPositionStore(db)
 	if err := positionStore.InitTables(); err != nil {

trader/hyperliquid_sync_test.go

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 package trader
 
 import (
-	"database/sql"
 	"math"
 	"nofx/store"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
+	"gorm.io/driver/sqlite"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
 )
 
 // TestHyperliquidOrderDirectionParsing tests Dir field parsing
@@ -75,11 +76,12 @@ func TestHyperliquidOrderDirectionParsing(t *testing.T) {
 // TestHyperliquidPositionBuilding tests the complete flow of position building
 func TestHyperliquidPositionBuilding(t *testing.T) {
 	// Setup in-memory database
-	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", ":memory:")
+	db, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(":memory:"), &gorm.Config{
+		Logger: logger.Default.LogMode(logger.Silent),
+	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create test database: %v", err)
 	}
-	defer db.Close()
 
 	// Initialize stores
 	positionStore := store.NewPositionStore(db)
@@ -304,11 +306,12 @@ func TestHyperliquidPositionBuilding(t *testing.T) {
 // TestHyperliquidBugScenario tests the exact bug we fixed
 func TestHyperliquidBugScenario(t *testing.T) {
 	// Setup database
-	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", ":memory:")
+	db, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(":memory:"), &gorm.Config{
+		Logger: logger.Default.LogMode(logger.Silent),
+	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create test database: %v", err)
 	}
-	defer db.Close()
 
 	positionStore := store.NewPositionStore(db)
 	if err := positionStore.InitTables(); err != nil {

web/src/components/landing/core/AgentGrid.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { motion } from 'framer-motion'
-import { Bot, TrendingUp, Layers, Zap, Hexagon, Crosshair } from 'lucide-react'
+import { TrendingUp, Layers, Zap, Hexagon, Crosshair } from 'lucide-react'
 
 const agents = [
     {

web/src/components/landing/core/LiveFeed.tsx

@@ -1,8 +1,15 @@
 import { motion } from 'framer-motion'
-import { Activity, BarChart3, Globe, Wifi, Server, Database, Lock } from 'lucide-react'
 import { useState, useEffect } from 'react'
 
-const generateLog = (id) => {
+interface LogEntry {
+    id: number
+    time: string
+    type: string
+    msg: string
+    color: string
+}
+
+const generateLog = (id: number): LogEntry => {
     const types = ['EXE', 'ARB', 'LIQ', 'NET', 'SYS']
     const pairs = ['BTC-USDT', 'ETH-PERP', 'SOL-USDT', 'BNB-BUSD']
     const actions = ['BUY', 'SELL', 'SHORT', 'LONG']
@@ -37,7 +44,7 @@ const generateLog = (id) => {
 }
 
 export default function LiveFeed() {
-    const [logs, setLogs] = useState([])
+    const [logs, setLogs] = useState<LogEntry[]>([])
 
     useEffect(() => {
         // Initial population

web/src/components/landing/core/TerminalHero.tsx

@@ -159,11 +159,24 @@ export default function TerminalHero() {
                         <span className="text-stroke-1 text-transparent bg-clip-text bg-gradient-to-r from-nofx-gold via-white to-nofx-gold animate-shimmer bg-[length:200%_auto]">TRADING</span>
                     </h1>
 
-                    <p className="max-w-xl text-zinc-400 text-lg mb-10 font-light leading-relaxed">
+                    <p className="max-w-xl text-zinc-400 text-lg mb-6 font-light leading-relaxed">
                         The World's First Open-Source Agentic Trading OS.
                         Deploy autonomous high-frequency trading agents powered by advanced LLMs.
                     </p>
 
+                    {/* Market Access Strip - Prominent Display */}
+                    <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-12 font-mono">
+                        {['CRYPTO', 'US STOCKS', 'FOREX', 'METALS'].map((market) => (
+                            <div key={market} className="flex items-center gap-3 px-4 py-2 rounded bg-zinc-900 border border-zinc-700 text-white font-bold tracking-wider hover:border-nofx-gold hover:shadow-[0_0_15px_rgba(255,215,0,0.3)] transition-all duration-300">
+                                <span className="relative flex h-2 w-2">
+                                  <span className="animate-ping absolute inline-flex h-full w-full rounded-full bg-nofx-success opacity-75"></span>
+                                  <span className="relative inline-flex rounded-full h-2 w-2 bg-nofx-success"></span>
+                                </span>
+                                {market}
+                            </div>
+                        ))}
+                    </div>
+
                     {/* Command Line Input Simulation */}
                     <div className="w-full max-w-lg h-12 bg-black/50 border border-zinc-800 rounded flex items-center px-4 mb-10 font-mono text-sm shadow-2xl backdrop-blur-sm group hover:border-nofx-gold/50 transition-colors cursor-text" onClick={() => document.getElementById('market-scanner')?.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth' })}>
                         <span className="text-nofx-success mr-2">➜</span>
@@ -269,7 +282,7 @@ export default function TerminalHero() {
 import { OFFICIAL_LINKS } from '../../../constants/branding'
 
 function CommunityStats() {
-    const { stars, forks, contributors, isLoading, error } = useGitHubStats('tinkle-community', 'nofx')
+    const { stars, forks, contributors, isLoading, error } = useGitHubStats('NoFxAiOS', 'nofx')
 
     const stats = [
         {