refactor: optimize codebase encoding

.env.example

@@ -61,6 +61,6 @@ DB_NAME=nofx
 DB_SSLMODE=disable
 
 
-# 数据库配置 - SQLite（默认）
+# Database configuration - SQLite (default)
 DB_TYPE=sqlite
 DB_PATH=data/data.db

.github/workflows/pr-docker-check.yml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 name: PR Docker Build Check
 
-# PR 时只做轻量级构建检查,不推送镜像
+# Lightweight build check on PR only, no image push
-# 策略: 快速验证 amd64 + 抽样检查 arm64 (backend only)
+# Strategy: Quick verify amd64 + spot check arm64 (backend only)
 on:
   pull_request:
     branches:
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ on:
       - '.github/workflows/pr-docker-check.yml'
 
 jobs:
-  # 快速检查: 所有镜像的 amd64 版本
+  # Quick check: amd64 builds for all images
   docker-build-amd64:
     name: Build Check (amd64)
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
         include:
           - name: backend
             dockerfile: ./docker/Dockerfile.backend
-            test_run: true  # 需要测试运行
+            test_run: true  # Needs test run
           - name: frontend
             dockerfile: ./docker/Dockerfile.frontend
             test_run: true
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ jobs:
           file: ${{ matrix.dockerfile }}
           platforms: linux/amd64
           push: false
-          load: true  # 加载到本地 Docker,用于测试运行
+          load: true  # Load into local Docker for test run
           tags: nofx-${{ matrix.name }}:pr-test
           cache-from: type=gha,scope=${{ matrix.name }}-amd64
           cache-to: type=gha,mode=max,scope=${{ matrix.name }}-amd64
@@ -66,12 +66,12 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           echo "🧪 Testing container startup..."
 
-          # 启动容器
+          # Start container
           docker run -d --name test-${{ matrix.name }} \
             --health-cmd="exit 0" \
             nofx-${{ matrix.name }}:pr-test
 
-          # 等待容器启动 (最多 30 秒)
+          # Wait for container to start (up to 30 seconds)
           for i in {1..30}; do
             if docker ps | grep -q test-${{ matrix.name }}; then
               echo "✅ Container started successfully"
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ jobs:
 
           echo "📦 Image size: ${SIZE_MB} MB"
 
-          # 警告阈值
+          # Warning thresholds
           if [ "${{ matrix.name }}" = "backend" ] && [ $SIZE_MB -gt 500 ]; then
             echo "⚠️  Warning: Backend image is larger than 500MB"
           elif [ "${{ matrix.name }}" = "frontend" ] && [ $SIZE_MB -gt 200 ]; then
@@ -102,10 +102,10 @@ jobs:
             echo "✅ Image size is reasonable"
           fi
 
-  # ARM64 原生构建检查: 使用 GitHub 原生 ARM64 runner (快速!)
+  # ARM64 native build check: Uses GitHub native ARM64 runner (fast!)
   docker-build-arm64-native:
     name: Build Check (arm64 native - backend)
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04-arm  # 原生 ARM64 runner
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04-arm  # Native ARM64 runner
     permissions:
       contents: read
 
@@ -113,19 +113,19 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout code
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      # 原生 ARM64 不需要 QEMU,直接构建
+      # Native ARM64 does not need QEMU, builds directly
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
         uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
 
       - name: Build backend image (arm64 native)
         uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
-        timeout-minutes: 15  # 原生构建更快!
+        timeout-minutes: 15  # Native builds are faster!
         with:
           context: .
           file: ./docker/Dockerfile.backend
           platforms: linux/arm64
           push: false
-          load: true  # 加载到本地,用于测试
+          load: true  # Load locally for testing
           tags: nofx-backend:pr-test-arm64
           cache-from: type=gha,scope=backend-arm64
           cache-to: type=gha,mode=max,scope=backend-arm64
@@ -139,12 +139,12 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           echo "🧪 Testing ARM64 container startup..."
 
-          # 启动容器
+          # Start container
           docker run -d --name test-backend-arm64 \
             --health-cmd="exit 0" \
             nofx-backend:pr-test-arm64
 
-          # 等待启动
+          # Wait for startup
           for i in {1..30}; do
             if docker ps | grep -q test-backend-arm64; then
               echo "✅ ARM64 container started successfully"
@@ -165,14 +165,14 @@ jobs:
           echo "Using GitHub native ARM64 runner - no QEMU needed!"
           echo "Build time is ~3x faster than emulation"
 
-  # 汇总检查结果
+  # Aggregate check results
   check-summary:
     name: Docker Build Summary
     needs: [docker-build-amd64, docker-build-arm64-native]
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     if: always()
     permissions:
-      pull-requests: write  # 用于发布评论
+      pull-requests: write  # For posting comments
     steps:
       - name: Check build results
         id: check
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "## 🐳 Docker Build Check Results" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
           echo "" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
 
-          # 检查 amd64 构建
+          # Check amd64 build
           if [[ "${{ needs.docker-build-amd64.result }}" == "success" ]]; then
             echo "✅ **AMD64 builds**: All passed" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
             AMD64_OK=true
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ jobs:
             AMD64_OK=false
           fi
 
-          # 检查 arm64 构建
+          # Check arm64 build
           if [[ "${{ needs.docker-build-arm64-native.result }}" == "success" ]]; then
             echo "✅ **ARM64 build** (native): Backend passed (frontend will be verified after merge)" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
             ARM64_OK=true

.github/workflows/pr-docker-compose-healthcheck.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 name: PR Docker Compose Healthcheck
 
-# 驗證 docker-compose.yml 的 healthcheck 配置在 Alpine 容器中正常工作
+# Verify docker-compose.yml healthcheck config works correctly in Alpine containers
 on:
   pull_request:
     branches:

Dockerfile.railway

@@ -1,37 +1,37 @@
-# Railway All-in-One: 复用现有 GHCR 镜像
+# Railway All-in-One: Reuse existing GHCR images
-# 从现有镜像提取内容，合并到一个容器
+# Extract content from existing images and merge into a single container
 
-# 从后端镜像提取二进制
+# Extract binary from backend image
 FROM ghcr.io/nofxaios/nofx/nofx-backend:latest AS backend
 
-# 从前端镜像提取静态文件
+# Extract static files from frontend image
 FROM ghcr.io/nofxaios/nofx/nofx-frontend:latest AS frontend
 
-# 最终镜像
+# Final image
 FROM alpine:latest
 
 RUN apk add --no-cache ca-certificates tzdata sqlite nginx openssl gettext
 
-# 复制后端二进制
+# Copy backend binary
 COPY --from=backend /app/nofx /app/nofx
 
-# 复制 TA-Lib 库
+# Copy TA-Lib libraries
 COPY --from=backend /usr/local/lib/libta_lib* /usr/local/lib/
 RUN ldconfig /usr/local/lib 2>/dev/null || true
 
-# 复制前端静态文件
+# Copy frontend static files
 COPY --from=frontend /usr/share/nginx/html /usr/share/nginx/html
 
 WORKDIR /app
 RUN mkdir -p /app/data
 
-# 启动脚本（包含 nginx 配置生成）
+# Startup script (includes nginx config generation)
 COPY railway/start.sh /app/start.sh
 RUN chmod +x /app/start.sh
 
 ENV DB_PATH=/app/data/data.db
 
-# Railway 会自动设置 PORT 环境变量
+# Railway automatically sets the PORT environment variable
 EXPOSE 8080
 
 HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=10s --start-period=60s --retries=3 \

api/handler_klines.go

@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ func (s *Server) getKlinesFromCoinank(symbol, interval, exchange string, limit i
 	}
 
 	// Convert coinank kline format to market.Kline format
-	// Coinank: Volume = BTC 数量, Quantity = USDT 成交额
+	// Coinank: Volume = BTC quantity, Quantity = USDT turnover
 	klines := make([]market.Kline, len(coinankKlines))
 	for i, ck := range coinankKlines {
 		klines[i] = market.Kline{
@@ -196,8 +196,8 @@ func (s *Server) getKlinesFromCoinank(symbol, interval, exchange string, limit i
 			High:        ck.High,
 			Low:         ck.Low,
 			Close:       ck.Close,
-			Volume:      ck.Volume,   // BTC 数量
+			Volume:      ck.Volume,   // BTC quantity
-			QuoteVolume: ck.Quantity, // USDT 成交额
+			QuoteVolume: ck.Quantity, // USDT turnover
 			CloseTime:   ck.EndTime,
 		}
 	}
@@ -229,8 +229,8 @@ func (s *Server) getKlinesFromAlpaca(symbol, interval string, limit int) ([]mark
 			High:        bar.High,
 			Low:         bar.Low,
 			Close:       bar.Close,
-			Volume:      float64(bar.Volume),             // 股数
+			Volume:      float64(bar.Volume),             // share count
-			QuoteVolume: float64(bar.Volume) * bar.Close, // 成交额 = 股数 * 收盘价 (USD)
+			QuoteVolume: float64(bar.Volume) * bar.Close, // turnover = shares * close price (USD)
 			CloseTime:   bar.Timestamp.UnixMilli(),
 		}
 	}
@@ -311,8 +311,8 @@ func (s *Server) getKlinesFromHyperliquid(symbol, interval string, limit int) ([
 			High:        high,
 			Low:         low,
 			Close:       close,
-			Volume:      volume,         // 合约数量
+			Volume:      volume,         // contract quantity
-			QuoteVolume: volume * close, // 成交额 (USD)
+			QuoteVolume: volume * close, // turnover (USD)
 			CloseTime:   candle.CloseTime,
 		}
 	}

backtest/config.go

@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ func (cfg *BacktestConfig) ToStrategyConfig() *store.StrategyConfig {
 	if cfg.loadedStrategy != nil {
 		result := *cfg.loadedStrategy // Make a copy
 
-		// Override coin source with backtest symbols (回测指定的币对优先)
+		// Override coin source with backtest symbols (backtest-specified pairs take priority)
 		if len(cfg.Symbols) > 0 {
 			result.CoinSource.SourceType = "static"
 			result.CoinSource.StaticCoins = cfg.Symbols

docker-compose.yml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ services:
       dockerfile: ./docker/Dockerfile.backend
     container_name: nofx-trading
     restart: unless-stopped
-    stop_grace_period: 30s  # 允许应用有 30 秒时间优雅关闭
+    stop_grace_period: 30s  # Allow the app 30 seconds for graceful shutdown
     ports:
       - "${NOFX_BACKEND_PORT:-8080}:8080"
       - "6060:6060"  # pprof profiling

kernel/engine.go

@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ func (e *StrategyEngine) GetCandidateCoins() ([]CandidateCoin, error) {
 		return e.filterExcludedCoins(candidates), nil
 
 	case "ai500":
-		// 检查 use_ai500 标志，如果为 false 则回退到静态币种
+		// Check use_ai500 flag; if false, fall back to static coins
 		if !coinSource.UseAI500 {
 			logger.Infof("⚠️  source_type is 'ai500' but use_ai500 is false, falling back to static coins")
 			for _, symbol := range coinSource.StaticCoins {
@@ -263,11 +263,11 @@ func (e *StrategyEngine) GetCandidateCoins() ([]CandidateCoin, error) {
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		// 空列表是正常情况，直接返回
+		// Empty list is a normal condition, return directly
 		return e.filterExcludedCoins(coins), nil
 
 	case "oi_top":
-		// 检查 use_oi_top 标志，如果为 false 则回退到静态币种
+		// Check use_oi_top flag; if false, fall back to static coins
 		if !coinSource.UseOITop {
 			logger.Infof("⚠️  source_type is 'oi_top' but use_oi_top is false, falling back to static coins")
 			for _, symbol := range coinSource.StaticCoins {
@@ -283,11 +283,11 @@ func (e *StrategyEngine) GetCandidateCoins() ([]CandidateCoin, error) {
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		// 空列表是正常情况，直接返回
+		// Empty list is a normal condition, return directly
 		return e.filterExcludedCoins(coins), nil
 
 	case "oi_low":
-		// 持仓减少榜，适合做空
+		// OI decrease ranking, suitable for short positions
 		if !coinSource.UseOILow {
 			logger.Infof("⚠️  source_type is 'oi_low' but use_oi_low is false, falling back to static coins")
 			for _, symbol := range coinSource.StaticCoins {
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ func (e *StrategyEngine) GetCandidateCoins() ([]CandidateCoin, error) {
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		// 空列表是正常情况，直接返回
+		// Empty list is a normal condition, return directly
 		return e.filterExcludedCoins(coins), nil
 
 	case "hyper_all":

kernel/engine_prompt.go

@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ func (e *StrategyEngine) formatPositionInfo(index int, pos PositionInfo, ctx *Co
 
 func (e *StrategyEngine) formatCoinSourceTag(sources []string) string {
 	if len(sources) > 1 {
-		// 多信号源组合
+		// Multiple signal source combination
 		hasAI500 := false
 		hasOITop := false
 		hasOILow := false
@@ -482,9 +482,9 @@ func (e *StrategyEngine) formatCoinSourceTag(sources []string) string {
 		case "ai500":
 			return " (AI500)"
 		case "oi_top":
-			return " (OI_Top 持仓增加)"
+			return " (OI_Top OI increase)"
 		case "oi_low":
-			return " (OI_Low 持仓减少)"
+			return " (OI_Low OI decrease)"
 		case "static":
 			return " (Manual selection)"
 		case "hyper_all":
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ func (e *StrategyEngine) formatMarketData(data *market.Data) string {
 	var sb strings.Builder
 	indicators := e.config.Indicators
 
-	// 明确标注币种
+	// Clearly label the coin symbol
 	sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("=== %s Market Data ===\n\n", data.Symbol))
 	sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("current_price = %.4f", data.CurrentPrice))
 

kernel/formatter.go

@@ -10,49 +10,50 @@ import (
 )
 
 // ============================================================================
-// AI Data Formatter - AI数据格式化器
+// AI Data Formatter
 // ============================================================================
-// 将交易上下文转换为AI友好的格式，确保AI能够100%理解数据
+// Converts trading context into AI-friendly format, ensuring AI fully
+// understands the data regardless of language.
 // ============================================================================
 
-// FormatContextForAI 将交易上下文格式化为AI可理解的文本（包含Schema）
+// FormatContextForAI formats trading context into AI-readable text (including schema)
 func FormatContextForAI(ctx *Context, lang Language) string {
 	var sb strings.Builder
 
-	// 1. 添加Schema说明（让AI理解数据格式）
+	// 1. Add schema description (so AI understands data format)
 	sb.WriteString(GetSchemaPrompt(lang))
 	sb.WriteString("\n---\n\n")
 
-	// 2. 当前状态概览
+	// 2. Current state overview
 	sb.WriteString(formatContextData(ctx, lang))
 
 	return sb.String()
 }
 
-// FormatContextDataOnly 仅格式化上下文数据，不包含Schema（用于已有Schema的场景）
+// FormatContextDataOnly formats context data only, without schema (for use when schema is already present)
 func FormatContextDataOnly(ctx *Context, lang Language) string {
 	return formatContextData(ctx, lang)
 }
 
-// formatContextData 格式化核心数据部分
+// formatContextData formats the core data section
 func formatContextData(ctx *Context, lang Language) string {
 	var sb strings.Builder
 
-	// 1. 当前状态概览
+	// 1. Current state overview
 	if lang == LangChinese {
 		sb.WriteString(formatHeaderZH(ctx))
 	} else {
 		sb.WriteString(formatHeaderEN(ctx))
 	}
 
-	// 3. 账户信息
+	// 3. Account information
 	if lang == LangChinese {
 		sb.WriteString(formatAccountZH(ctx))
 	} else {
 		sb.WriteString(formatAccountEN(ctx))
 	}
 
-	// 4. 历史交易统计
+	// 4. Historical trading statistics
 	if ctx.TradingStats != nil && ctx.TradingStats.TotalTrades > 0 {
 		if lang == LangChinese {
 			sb.WriteString(formatTradingStatsZH(ctx.TradingStats))
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ func formatContextData(ctx *Context, lang Language) string {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// 5. 最近交易记录
+	// 5. Recent trade records
 	if len(ctx.RecentOrders) > 0 {
 		if lang == LangChinese {
 			sb.WriteString(formatRecentTradesZH(ctx.RecentOrders))
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ func formatContextData(ctx *Context, lang Language) string {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// 5. 当前持仓
+	// 5. Current positions
 	if len(ctx.Positions) > 0 {
 		if lang == LangChinese {
 			sb.WriteString(formatCurrentPositionsZH(ctx))
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ func formatContextData(ctx *Context, lang Language) string {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// 6. 候选币种（带市场数据）
+	// 6. Candidate coins (with market data)
 	if len(ctx.CandidateCoins) > 0 {
 		if lang == LangChinese {
 			sb.WriteString(formatCandidateCoinsZH(ctx))
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ func formatContextData(ctx *Context, lang Language) string {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// 7. OI排名数据（如果有）
+	// 7. OI ranking data (if available)
 	if ctx.OIRankingData != nil {
 		nofxosLang := nofxos.LangEnglish
 		if lang == LangChinese {
@@ -100,15 +101,15 @@ func formatContextData(ctx *Context, lang Language) string {
 	return sb.String()
 }
 
-// ========== 中文格式化函数 ==========
+// ========== Chinese Formatting Functions ==========
 
-// formatHeaderZH 格式化头部信息（中文）
+// formatHeaderZH formats header information (Chinese)
 func formatHeaderZH(ctx *Context) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("# 📊 交易决策请求\n\n时间: %s | 周期: #%d | 运行时长: %d 分钟\n\n",
 		ctx.CurrentTime, ctx.CallCount, ctx.RuntimeMinutes)
 }
 
-// formatAccountZH 格式化账户信息（中文）
+// formatAccountZH formats account information (Chinese)
 func formatAccountZH(ctx *Context) string {
 	acc := ctx.Account
 	var sb strings.Builder
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ func formatAccountZH(ctx *Context) string {
 	sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("保证金使用率: %.1f%% | ", acc.MarginUsedPct))
 	sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("持仓数: %d\n\n", acc.PositionCount))
 
-	// 添加风险提示
+	// Add risk warnings
 	if acc.MarginUsedPct > 70 {
 		sb.WriteString("⚠️ **风险警告**: 保证金使用率 > 70%，处于高风险状态！\n\n")
 	} else if acc.MarginUsedPct > 50 {
@@ -130,25 +131,25 @@ func formatAccountZH(ctx *Context) string {
 	return sb.String()
 }
 
-// formatTradingStatsZH 格式化历史交易统计（中文）
+// formatTradingStatsZH formats historical trading statistics (Chinese)
 func formatTradingStatsZH(stats *TradingStats) string {
 	var sb strings.Builder
 	sb.WriteString("## 历史交易统计\n\n")
 
-	// 盈亏比计算
+	// Win/loss ratio calculation
 	var winLossRatio float64
 	if stats.AvgLoss > 0 {
 		winLossRatio = stats.AvgWin / stats.AvgLoss
 	}
 
-	// 指标定义说明（去掉胜率，聚焦核心指标）
+	// Metric definitions (focusing on core metrics, excluding win rate)
 	sb.WriteString("**指标说明**:\n")
 	sb.WriteString("- 盈利因子: 总盈利 ÷ 总亏损（>1表示盈利，>1.5为良好，>2为优秀）\n")
 	sb.WriteString("- 夏普比率: (平均收益 - 无风险收益) ÷ 收益标准差（>1良好，>2优秀）\n")
 	sb.WriteString("- 盈亏比: 平均盈利 ÷ 平均亏损（>1.5为良好，>2为优秀）\n")
 	sb.WriteString("- 最大回撤: 资金曲线从峰值到谷底的最大跌幅（<20%为低风险）\n\n")
 
-	// 数据值
+	// Data values
 	sb.WriteString("**当前数据**:\n")
 	sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("- 总交易: %d 笔\n", stats.TotalTrades))
 	sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("- 盈利因子: %.2f\n", stats.ProfitFactor))
@@ -159,10 +160,10 @@ func formatTradingStatsZH(stats *TradingStats) string {
 	sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("- 平均亏损: -%.2f USDT\n", stats.AvgLoss))
 	sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("- 最大回撤: %.1f%%\n\n", stats.MaxDrawdownPct))
 
-	// 综合分析和决策建议
+	// Comprehensive analysis and decision guidance
 	sb.WriteString("**决策参考**:\n")
 
-	// 根据统计数据给出具体建议
+	// Provide specific recommendations based on statistics
 	if stats.TotalTrades < 10 {
 		sb.WriteString("- 样本量较小（<10笔），统计结果参考意义有限\n")
 	}
@@ -191,13 +192,13 @@ func formatTradingStatsZH(stats *TradingStats) string {
 	return sb.String()
 }
 
-// formatRecentTradesZH 格式化最近交易（中文）
+// formatRecentTradesZH formats recent trades (Chinese)
 func formatRecentTradesZH(orders []RecentOrder) string {
 	var sb strings.Builder
 	sb.WriteString("## 最近完成的交易\n\n")
 
 	for i, order := range orders {
-		// 判断盈亏
+		// Determine profit or loss
 		profitOrLoss := "盈利"
 		if order.RealizedPnL < 0 {
 			profitOrLoss = "亏损"
@@ -222,13 +223,13 @@ func formatRecentTradesZH(orders []RecentOrder) string {
 	return sb.String()
 }
 
-// formatCurrentPositionsZH 格式化当前持仓（中文）
+// formatCurrentPositionsZH formats current positions (Chinese)
 func formatCurrentPositionsZH(ctx *Context) string {
 	var sb strings.Builder
 	sb.WriteString("## 当前持仓\n\n")
 
 	for i, pos := range ctx.Positions {
-		// 计算回撤
+		// Calculate drawdown
 		drawdown := pos.UnrealizedPnLPct - pos.PeakPnLPct
 
 		sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("%d. %s %s | ", i+1, pos.Symbol, strings.ToUpper(pos.Side)))
@@ -242,7 +243,7 @@ func formatCurrentPositionsZH(ctx *Context) string {
 		sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("保证金 %.0f USDT | ", pos.MarginUsed))
 		sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("强平价 %.4f\n", pos.LiquidationPrice))
 
-		// 添加分析提示
+		// Add analysis hints
 		if drawdown < -0.30*pos.PeakPnLPct && pos.PeakPnLPct > 0.02 {
 			sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("   ⚠️ **止盈提示**: 当前盈亏从峰值 %.2f%% 回撤到 %.2f%%，回撤幅度 %.2f%%，建议考虑止盈\n",
 				pos.PeakPnLPct, pos.UnrealizedPnLPct, (drawdown/pos.PeakPnLPct)*100))
@@ -252,7 +253,7 @@ func formatCurrentPositionsZH(ctx *Context) string {
 			sb.WriteString("   ⚠️ **止损提示**: 亏损接近-5%止损线，建议考虑止损\n")
 		}
 
-		// 显示当前价格（如果有市场数据）
+		// Show current price (if market data available)
 		if ctx.MarketDataMap != nil {
 			if mdata, ok := ctx.MarketDataMap[pos.Symbol]; ok {
 				sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("   📈 当前价格: %.4f\n", mdata.CurrentPrice))
@@ -265,7 +266,7 @@ func formatCurrentPositionsZH(ctx *Context) string {
 	return sb.String()
 }
 
-// formatCandidateCoinsZH 格式化候选币种（中文）
+// formatCandidateCoinsZH formats candidate coins (Chinese)
 func formatCandidateCoinsZH(ctx *Context) string {
 	var sb strings.Builder
 	sb.WriteString("## 候选币种\n\n")
@@ -273,19 +274,19 @@ func formatCandidateCoinsZH(ctx *Context) string {
 	for i, coin := range ctx.CandidateCoins {
 		sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("### %d. %s\n\n", i+1, coin.Symbol))
 
-		// 当前价格
+		// Current price
 		if ctx.MarketDataMap != nil {
 			if mdata, ok := ctx.MarketDataMap[coin.Symbol]; ok {
 				sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("当前价格: %.4f\n\n", mdata.CurrentPrice))
 
-				// K线数据（多时间框架）
+				// Kline data (multi-timeframe)
 				if mdata.TimeframeData != nil {
 					sb.WriteString(formatKlineDataZH(coin.Symbol, mdata.TimeframeData, ctx.Timeframes))
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		// OI数据（如果有）
+		// OI data (if available)
 		if ctx.OITopDataMap != nil {
 			if oiData, ok := ctx.OITopDataMap[coin.Symbol]; ok {
 				sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("**持仓量变化**: OI排名 #%d | 变化 %+.2f%% (%+.2fM USDT) | 价格变化 %+.2f%%\n\n",
@@ -295,7 +296,7 @@ func formatCandidateCoinsZH(ctx *Context) string {
 					oiData.PriceDeltaPercent,
 				))
 
-				// OI解读
+				// OI interpretation
 				oiChange := "增加"
 				if oiData.OIDeltaPercent < 0 {
 					oiChange = "减少"
@@ -314,7 +315,7 @@ func formatCandidateCoinsZH(ctx *Context) string {
 	return sb.String()
 }
 
-// formatKlineDataZH 格式化K线数据（中文）
+// formatKlineDataZH formats kline data (Chinese)
 func formatKlineDataZH(symbol string, tfData map[string]*market.TimeframeSeriesData, timeframes []string) string {
 	var sb strings.Builder
 
@@ -324,7 +325,7 @@ func formatKlineDataZH(symbol string, tfData map[string]*market.TimeframeSeriesD
 			sb.WriteString("```\n")
 			sb.WriteString("时间(UTC)      开盘      最高      最低      收盘      成交量\n")
 
-			// 只显示最近30根K线
+			// Only show the latest 30 klines
 			startIdx := 0
 			if len(data.Klines) > 30 {
 				startIdx = len(data.Klines) - 30
@@ -343,7 +344,7 @@ func formatKlineDataZH(symbol string, tfData map[string]*market.TimeframeSeriesD
 				))
 			}
 
-			// 标记最后一根K线
+			// Mark the last kline
 			if len(data.Klines) > 0 {
 				sb.WriteString("    <- 当前\n")
 			}
@@ -356,7 +357,7 @@ func formatKlineDataZH(symbol string, tfData map[string]*market.TimeframeSeriesD
 }
 
 
-// getOIInterpretationZH 获取OI变化解读（中文）
+// getOIInterpretationZH returns OI change interpretation (Chinese)
 func getOIInterpretationZH(oiChange, priceChange string) string {
 	if oiChange == "增加" && priceChange == "上涨" {
 		return OIInterpretation.OIUp_PriceUp.ZH
@@ -369,15 +370,15 @@ func getOIInterpretationZH(oiChange, priceChange string) string {
 	}
 }
 
-// ========== 英文格式化函数 ==========
+// ========== English Formatting Functions ==========
 
-// formatHeaderEN 格式化头部信息（英文）
+// formatHeaderEN formats header information (English)
 func formatHeaderEN(ctx *Context) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("# 📊 Trading Decision Request\n\nTime: %s | Period: #%d | Runtime: %d minutes\n\n",
 		ctx.CurrentTime, ctx.CallCount, ctx.RuntimeMinutes)
 }
 
-// formatAccountEN 格式化账户信息（英文）
+// formatAccountEN formats account information (English)
 func formatAccountEN(ctx *Context) string {
 	acc := ctx.Account
 	var sb strings.Builder
@@ -399,7 +400,7 @@ func formatAccountEN(ctx *Context) string {
 	return sb.String()
 }
 
-// formatTradingStatsEN 格式化历史交易统计（英文）
+// formatTradingStatsEN formats historical trading statistics (English)
 func formatTradingStatsEN(stats *TradingStats) string {
 	var sb strings.Builder
 	sb.WriteString("## Historical Trading Statistics\n\n")
@@ -460,7 +461,7 @@ func formatTradingStatsEN(stats *TradingStats) string {
 	return sb.String()
 }
 
-// formatRecentTradesEN 格式化最近交易（英文）
+// formatRecentTradesEN formats recent trades (English)
 func formatRecentTradesEN(orders []RecentOrder) string {
 	var sb strings.Builder
 	sb.WriteString("## Recent Completed Trades\n\n")
@@ -490,7 +491,7 @@ func formatRecentTradesEN(orders []RecentOrder) string {
 	return sb.String()
 }
 
-// formatCurrentPositionsEN 格式化当前持仓（英文）
+// formatCurrentPositionsEN formats current positions (English)
 func formatCurrentPositionsEN(ctx *Context) string {
 	var sb strings.Builder
 	sb.WriteString("## Current Positions\n\n")
@@ -531,7 +532,7 @@ func formatCurrentPositionsEN(ctx *Context) string {
 	return sb.String()
 }
 
-// formatCandidateCoinsEN 格式化候选币种（英文）
+// formatCandidateCoinsEN formats candidate coins (English)
 func formatCandidateCoinsEN(ctx *Context) string {
 	var sb strings.Builder
 	sb.WriteString("## Candidate Coins\n\n")
@@ -576,7 +577,7 @@ func formatCandidateCoinsEN(ctx *Context) string {
 	return sb.String()
 }
 
-// formatKlineDataEN 格式化K线数据（英文）
+// formatKlineDataEN formats kline data (English)
 func formatKlineDataEN(symbol string, tfData map[string]*market.TimeframeSeriesData, timeframes []string) string {
 	var sb strings.Builder
 
@@ -621,7 +622,7 @@ func formatKlineDataEN(symbol string, tfData map[string]*market.TimeframeSeriesD
 }
 
 
-// getOIInterpretationEN 获取OI变化解读（英文）
+// getOIInterpretationEN returns OI change interpretation (English)
 func getOIInterpretationEN(oiChange, priceChange string) string {
 	if oiChange == "increase" && priceChange == "up" {
 		return OIInterpretation.OIUp_PriceUp.EN

kernel/prompt_builder.go

@@ -6,22 +6,22 @@ import (
 )
 
 // ============================================================================
-// AI Prompt Builder - AI提示词构建器
+// AI Prompt Builder
 // ============================================================================
-// 构建完整的AI提示词，包括系统提示词和用户提示词
+// Builds complete AI prompts including system prompts and user prompts.
 // ============================================================================
 
-// PromptBuilder 提示词构建器
+// PromptBuilder builds AI prompts in the configured language
 type PromptBuilder struct {
 	lang Language
 }
 
-// NewPromptBuilder 创建提示词构建器
+// NewPromptBuilder creates a new prompt builder for the given language
 func NewPromptBuilder(lang Language) *PromptBuilder {
 	return &PromptBuilder{lang: lang}
 }
 
-// BuildSystemPrompt 构建系统提示词
+// BuildSystemPrompt builds the system prompt
 func (pb *PromptBuilder) BuildSystemPrompt() string {
 	if pb.lang == LangChinese {
 		return pb.buildSystemPromptZH()
@@ -29,19 +29,19 @@ func (pb *PromptBuilder) BuildSystemPrompt() string {
 	return pb.buildSystemPromptEN()
 }
 
-// BuildUserPrompt 构建用户提示词（包含完整的交易上下文）
+// BuildUserPrompt builds the user prompt with full trading context
 func (pb *PromptBuilder) BuildUserPrompt(ctx *Context) string {
-	// 使用Formatter格式化交易上下文
+	// Use Formatter to format the trading context
 	formattedData := FormatContextForAI(ctx, pb.lang)
 
-	// 添加决策要求
+	// Append decision requirements
 	if pb.lang == LangChinese {
 		return formattedData + pb.getDecisionRequirementsZH()
 	}
 	return formattedData + pb.getDecisionRequirementsEN()
 }
 
-// ========== 中文提示词 ==========
+// ========== Chinese Prompts ==========
 
 func (pb *PromptBuilder) buildSystemPromptZH() string {
 	return `你是一个专业的量化交易AI助手，负责分析市场数据并做出交易决策。
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ func (pb *PromptBuilder) getDecisionRequirementsZH() string {
 **请立即输出你的决策（JSON格式）**:`
 }
 
-// ========== 英文提示词 ==========
+// ========== English Prompts ==========
 
 func (pb *PromptBuilder) buildSystemPromptEN() string {
 	return `You are a professional quantitative trading AI assistant responsible for analyzing market data and making trading decisions.
@@ -311,9 +311,9 @@ func (pb *PromptBuilder) getDecisionRequirementsEN() string {
 **Please output your decision (JSON format) immediately**:`
 }
 
-// ========== 辅助函数 ==========
+// ========== Helper Functions ==========
 
-// FormatDecisionExample 格式化决策示例（用于文档）
+// FormatDecisionExample formats a decision example (for documentation)
 func FormatDecisionExample(lang Language) string {
 	example := Decision{
 		Symbol:          "BTCUSDT",
@@ -323,32 +323,32 @@ func FormatDecisionExample(lang Language) string {
 		StopLoss:        42000,
 		TakeProfit:      48000,
 		Confidence:      85,
-		Reasoning:       "详细的推理过程...",
+		Reasoning:       "Detailed reasoning process...",
 	}
 
 	data, _ := json.MarshalIndent([]Decision{example}, "", "  ")
 	return string(data)
 }
 
-// ValidateDecisionFormat 验证决策格式是否正确
+// ValidateDecisionFormat validates that the decision format is correct
 func ValidateDecisionFormat(decisions []Decision) error {
 	if len(decisions) == 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("决策列表不能为空")
+		return fmt.Errorf("decision list cannot be empty")
 	}
 
 	for i, d := range decisions {
-		// 必需字段检查
+		// Required field checks
 		if d.Symbol == "" {
-			return fmt.Errorf("决策#%d: symbol不能为空", i+1)
+			return fmt.Errorf("decision #%d: symbol cannot be empty", i+1)
 		}
 		if d.Action == "" {
-			return fmt.Errorf("决策#%d: action不能为空", i+1)
+			return fmt.Errorf("decision #%d: action cannot be empty", i+1)
 		}
 		if d.Reasoning == "" {
-			return fmt.Errorf("决策#%d: reasoning不能为空", i+1)
+			return fmt.Errorf("decision #%d: reasoning cannot be empty", i+1)
 		}
 
-		// 动作类型检查
+		// Action type validation
 		validActions := map[string]bool{
 			"HOLD":          true,
 			"PARTIAL_CLOSE": true,
@@ -358,16 +358,16 @@ func ValidateDecisionFormat(decisions []Decision) error {
 			"WAIT":          true,
 		}
 		if !validActions[d.Action] {
-			return fmt.Errorf("决策#%d: 无效的action类型: %s", i+1, d.Action)
+			return fmt.Errorf("decision #%d: invalid action type: %s", i+1, d.Action)
 		}
 
-		// 开新仓位的必需参数检查
+		// Required parameters for opening new positions
 		if d.Action == "OPEN_NEW" {
 			if d.Leverage == 0 {
-				return fmt.Errorf("决策#%d: OPEN_NEW动作需要提供leverage", i+1)
+				return fmt.Errorf("decision #%d: OPEN_NEW action requires leverage", i+1)
 			}
 			if d.PositionSizeUSD == 0 {
-				return fmt.Errorf("决策#%d: OPEN_NEW动作需要提供position_size_usd", i+1)
+				return fmt.Errorf("decision #%d: OPEN_NEW action requires position_size_usd", i+1)
 			}
 		}
 	}

kernel/prompt_builder_test.go

@@ -170,8 +170,8 @@ func TestValidateDecisionFormat(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Error("Empty decisions should return error")
 		}
 
-		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "不能为空") {
+		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "cannot be empty") {
-			t.Errorf("Error message should mention '不能为空', got: %v", err)
+			t.Errorf("Error message should mention 'cannot be empty', got: %v", err)
 		}
 	})
 
@@ -238,8 +238,8 @@ func TestValidateDecisionFormat(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Error("Invalid action should return error")
 		}
 
-		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "无效的action") {
+		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "invalid action") {
-			t.Errorf("Error should mention '无效的action', got: %v", err)
+			t.Errorf("Error should mention 'invalid action', got: %v", err)
 		}
 	})
 

kernel/schema.go

@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 package kernel
 
 // ============================================================================
-// Trading Data Schema - 交易数据字典
+// Trading Data Schema
 // ============================================================================
-// 双语数据字典，支持中文和英文
+// Bilingual data dictionary supporting Chinese and English.
-// 确保AI能够100%理解数据格式，无论使用哪种语言
+// Ensures AI can fully understand data formats regardless of language.
 // ============================================================================
 
 const (
 	SchemaVersion = "1.0.0"
 )
 
-// Language 语言类型
+// Language represents the language type
 type Language string
 
 const (
@@ -19,20 +19,20 @@ const (
 	LangEnglish Language = "en-US"
 )
 
-// ========== 双语字段定义 ==========
+// ========== Bilingual Field Definitions ==========
 
-// BilingualFieldDef 双语字段定义
+// BilingualFieldDef defines a field with bilingual name, formula, and description
 type BilingualFieldDef struct {
-	NameZH    string // 中文名称
+	NameZH    string // Chinese name
 	NameEN    string // English name
-	Unit      string // 单位
+	Unit      string // unit of measurement
-	FormulaZH string // 中文公式
+	FormulaZH string // Chinese formula
 	FormulaEN string // English formula
-	DescZH    string // 中文描述
+	DescZH    string // Chinese description
 	DescEN    string // English description
 }
 
-// GetName 获取字段名称（根据语言）
+// GetName returns the field name based on language
 func (d BilingualFieldDef) GetName(lang Language) string {
 	if lang == LangChinese {
 		return d.NameZH
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func (d BilingualFieldDef) GetName(lang Language) string {
 	return d.NameEN
 }
 
-// GetFormula 获取公式（根据语言）
+// GetFormula returns the formula based on language
 func (d BilingualFieldDef) GetFormula(lang Language) string {
 	if lang == LangChinese {
 		return d.FormulaZH
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ func (d BilingualFieldDef) GetFormula(lang Language) string {
 	return d.FormulaEN
 }
 
-// GetDesc 获取描述（根据语言）
+// GetDesc returns the description based on language
 func (d BilingualFieldDef) GetDesc(lang Language) string {
 	if lang == LangChinese {
 		return d.DescZH
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ func (d BilingualFieldDef) GetDesc(lang Language) string {
 	return d.DescEN
 }
 
-// ========== 数据字典 ==========
+// ========== Data Dictionary ==========
 
-// DataDictionary 数据字典：定义所有字段的含义
+// DataDictionary defines the meaning of all fields
 var DataDictionary = map[string]map[string]BilingualFieldDef{
 	"AccountMetrics": {
 		"Equity": {
@@ -217,18 +217,18 @@ var DataDictionary = map[string]map[string]BilingualFieldDef{
 	},
 }
 
-// ========== 双语规则定义 ==========
+// ========== Bilingual Rule Definitions ==========
 
-// BilingualRuleDef 双语规则定义
+// BilingualRuleDef defines a trading rule with bilingual description and reason
 type BilingualRuleDef struct {
-	Value    interface{} // 规则值
+	Value    interface{} // rule value
-	DescZH   string      // 中文描述
+	DescZH   string      // Chinese description
 	DescEN   string      // English description
-	ReasonZH string      // 中文原因
+	ReasonZH string      // Chinese reason
 	ReasonEN string      // English reason
 }
 
-// GetDesc 获取描述（根据语言）
+// GetDesc returns the description based on language
 func (d BilingualRuleDef) GetDesc(lang Language) string {
 	if lang == LangChinese {
 		return d.DescZH
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ func (d BilingualRuleDef) GetDesc(lang Language) string {
 	return d.DescEN
 }
 
-// GetReason 获取原因（根据语言）
+// GetReason returns the reason based on language
 func (d BilingualRuleDef) GetReason(lang Language) string {
 	if lang == LangChinese {
 		return d.ReasonZH
@@ -244,9 +244,9 @@ func (d BilingualRuleDef) GetReason(lang Language) string {
 	return d.ReasonEN
 }
 
-// ========== 交易规则 ==========
+// ========== Trading Rules ==========
 
-// TradingRules 交易规则定义
+// TradingRules defines the trading rules
 var TradingRules = struct {
 	RiskManagement  map[string]BilingualRuleDef
 	EntrySignals    map[string]BilingualRuleDef
@@ -340,9 +340,9 @@ var TradingRules = struct {
 	},
 }
 
-// ========== OI解读 ==========
+// ========== OI Interpretation ==========
 
-// OIInterpretation OI变化的市场解读（双语）
+// OIInterpretation defines bilingual market interpretations for OI changes
 type OIInterpretationType struct {
 	OIUp_PriceUp struct {
 		ZH string
@@ -393,9 +393,9 @@ var OIInterpretation = OIInterpretationType{
 	},
 }
 
-// ========== 常见错误 ==========
+// ========== Common Mistakes ==========
 
-// CommonMistake 常见错误定义
+// CommonMistake defines a common mistake with bilingual fields
 type CommonMistake struct {
 	ErrorZH   string
 	ErrorEN   string
@@ -440,9 +440,9 @@ var CommonMistakes = []CommonMistake{
 	},
 }
 
-// ========== Prompt生成函数 ==========
+// ========== Prompt Generation Functions ==========
 
-// GetSchemaPrompt 生成Schema说明文本，用于AI Prompt
+// GetSchemaPrompt generates schema description text for AI prompts
 func GetSchemaPrompt(lang Language) string {
 	if lang == LangChinese {
 		return getSchemaPromptZH()
@@ -450,36 +450,36 @@ func GetSchemaPrompt(lang Language) string {
 	return getSchemaPromptEN()
 }
 
-// getSchemaPromptZH 生成中文Prompt
+// getSchemaPromptZH generates the Chinese prompt
 func getSchemaPromptZH() string {
 	prompt := "# 📖 数据字典与交易规则\n\n"
 	prompt += "## 📊 字段含义说明\n\n"
 
-	// 账户指标
+	// Account metrics
 	prompt += "### 账户指标\n"
 	for key, field := range DataDictionary["AccountMetrics"] {
 		prompt += formatFieldDefZH(key, field)
 	}
 
-	// 交易指标
+	// Trade metrics
 	prompt += "\n### 交易指标\n"
 	for key, field := range DataDictionary["TradeMetrics"] {
 		prompt += formatFieldDefZH(key, field)
 	}
 
-	// 持仓指标
+	// Position metrics
 	prompt += "\n### 持仓指标\n"
 	for key, field := range DataDictionary["PositionMetrics"] {
 		prompt += formatFieldDefZH(key, field)
 	}
 
-	// 市场数据
+	// Market data
 	prompt += "\n### 市场数据\n"
 	for key, field := range DataDictionary["MarketData"] {
 		prompt += formatFieldDefZH(key, field)
 	}
 
-	// OI解读
+	// OI interpretation
 	prompt += "\n## 💹 持仓量(OI)变化解读\n\n"
 	prompt += "- **OI增加 + 价格上涨**: " + OIInterpretation.OIUp_PriceUp.ZH + "\n"
 	prompt += "- **OI增加 + 价格下跌**: " + OIInterpretation.OIUp_PriceDown.ZH + "\n"
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ func getSchemaPromptZH() string {
 	return prompt
 }
 
-// getSchemaPromptEN 生成英文Prompt
+// getSchemaPromptEN generates the English prompt
 func getSchemaPromptEN() string {
 	prompt := "# 📖 Data Dictionary & Trading Rules\n\n"
 	prompt += "## 📊 Field Definitions\n\n"
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ func getSchemaPromptEN() string {
 	return prompt
 }
 
-// formatFieldDefZH 格式化中文字段定义
+// formatFieldDefZH formats a field definition in Chinese
 func formatFieldDefZH(key string, field BilingualFieldDef) string {
 	result := "- **" + key + "**（" + field.NameZH + "）: " + field.DescZH
 	if field.FormulaZH != "" {
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ func formatFieldDefZH(key string, field BilingualFieldDef) string {
 	return result
 }
 
-// formatFieldDefEN 格式化英文字段定义
+// formatFieldDefEN formats a field definition in English
 func formatFieldDefEN(key string, field BilingualFieldDef) string {
 	result := "- **" + key + "** (" + field.NameEN + "): " + field.DescEN
 	if field.FormulaEN != "" {

market/types.go

@@ -210,11 +210,11 @@ type BoxData struct {
 type RegimeLevel string
 
 const (
-	RegimeLevelNarrow   RegimeLevel = "narrow"   // 窄幅震荡
+	RegimeLevelNarrow   RegimeLevel = "narrow"   // narrow range oscillation
-	RegimeLevelStandard RegimeLevel = "standard" // 标准震荡
+	RegimeLevelStandard RegimeLevel = "standard" // standard oscillation
-	RegimeLevelWide     RegimeLevel = "wide"     // 宽幅震荡
+	RegimeLevelWide     RegimeLevel = "wide"     // wide range oscillation
-	RegimeLevelVolatile RegimeLevel = "volatile" // 剧烈震荡
+	RegimeLevelVolatile RegimeLevel = "volatile" // extreme volatility
-	RegimeLevelTrending RegimeLevel = "trending" // 趋势
+	RegimeLevelTrending RegimeLevel = "trending" // trending
 )
 
 // BreakoutLevel represents which box level has been broken

provider/nofxos/ai500.go

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func (c *Client) fetchAI500() ([]CoinData, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("API returned failure status")
 	}
 
-	// 空列表是正常情况，不是错误
+	// Empty list is a normal condition, not an error
 	if len(response.Data.Coins) == 0 {
 		log.Printf("ℹ️  AI500 returned empty coin list (no coins meet criteria currently)")
 		return []CoinData{}, nil

provider/nofxos/netflow.go

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ type NetFlowResponse struct {
 		Netflows  []NetFlowPosition `json:"netflows"`
 		Count     int               `json:"count"`
 		Type      string            `json:"type"`      // institution or personal
-		Trade     string            `json:"trade"`     // 合约 or 现货
+		Trade     string            `json:"trade"`     // futures or spot
 		TimeRange string            `json:"time_range"`
 		RankType  string            `json:"rank_type"` // top or low
 		Limit     int               `json:"limit"`

railway/start.sh

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 set -e
 
-# Railway 会设置 PORT 环境变量
+# Railway sets the PORT environment variable
 export PORT=${PORT:-8080}
 echo "🚀 Starting NOFX on port $PORT..."
 
-# 生成加密密钥（如果没有设置）
+# Generate encryption keys (if not already set)
 if [ -z "$RSA_PRIVATE_KEY" ]; then
     export RSA_PRIVATE_KEY=$(openssl genrsa 2048 2>/dev/null)
 fi
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ if [ -z "$DATA_ENCRYPTION_KEY" ]; then
     export DATA_ENCRYPTION_KEY=$(openssl rand -base64 32)
 fi
 
-# 生成 nginx 配置
+# Generate nginx config
 cat > /etc/nginx/http.d/default.conf << NGINX_EOF
 server {
     listen $PORT;
@@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ server {
 }
 NGINX_EOF
 
-# 启动后端（端口 8081）
+# Start backend (port 8081)
 API_SERVER_PORT=8081 /app/nofx &
 sleep 2
 
-# 启动 nginx（后台）
+# Start nginx (background)
 nginx
 
 echo "✅ NOFX started successfully"
 
-# 保持容器运行
+# Keep the container running
 tail -f /dev/null

store/strategy.go

@@ -111,11 +111,11 @@ type CoinSourceConfig struct {
 	UseAI500 bool `json:"use_ai500"`
 	// AI500 coin pool maximum count
 	AI500Limit int `json:"ai500_limit,omitempty"`
-	// whether to use OI Top (持仓增加榜，适合做多)
+	// whether to use OI Top (OI increase ranking, suitable for long positions)
 	UseOITop bool `json:"use_oi_top"`
 	// OI Top maximum count
 	OITopLimit int `json:"oi_top_limit,omitempty"`
-	// whether to use OI Low (持仓减少榜，适合做空)
+	// whether to use OI Low (OI decrease ranking, suitable for short positions)
 	UseOILow bool `json:"use_oi_low"`
 	// OI Low maximum count
 	OILowLimit int `json:"oi_low_limit,omitempty"`

telegram/agent/agent.go

@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ func (a *Agent) Run(userMessage string, onChunk func(string)) string {
 
 	// Safety: max iterations reached.
 	logger.Warnf("Agent: max iterations (%d) reached for message: %q", maxIterations, userMessage)
-	reply := "操作已完成，请检查您的账户查看最新状态。"
+	reply := "Operation completed. Please check your account for the latest status. / 操作已完成，请检查您的账户查看最新状态。"
 	a.memory.Add("user", userMessage)
 	a.memory.Add("assistant", reply)
 	return reply

telegram/agent/manager.go

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func (m *Manager) Run(chatID int64, userMessage string, onChunk func(string)) st
 	case lane <- struct{}{}:
 	case <-time.After(60 * time.Second):
 		logger.Warnf("Agent: lane wait timeout for chat %d — previous message still processing", chatID)
-		return "上一条消息仍在处理中，请稍等片刻后再试。"
+		return "Previous message is still being processed. Please wait a moment and try again. / 上一条消息仍在处理中，请稍等片刻后再试。"
 	}
 	defer func() { <-lane }()
 	return a.Run(userMessage, onChunk)

trader/auto_trader_loop.go

@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ func (at *AutoTrader) runCycle() error {
 	// NOTE: Must be called BEFORE candidate coins check to ensure equity is always recorded
 	at.saveEquitySnapshot(ctx)
 
-	// 如果没有候选币种，记录但不报错
+	// If no candidate coins available, log but do not error
 	if len(ctx.CandidateCoins) == 0 {
 		logger.Infof("ℹ️  No candidate coins available, skipping this cycle")
-		record.Success = true // 不是错误，只是没有候选币
+		record.Success = true // Not an error, just no candidate coins
 		record.ExecutionLog = append(record.ExecutionLog, "No candidate coins available, cycle skipped")
 		record.AccountState = store.AccountSnapshot{
 			TotalBalance:          ctx.Account.TotalEquity,

trader/lighter/orders.go

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ func (t *LighterTraderV2) GetOrderStatus(symbol string, orderID string) (map[str
 
 	resp, err := t.client.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
-		// ✅ 正确做法：查询失败返回错误，而不是假设成交
+		// Correct approach: return error on query failure, do not assume order is filled
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query order status: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer resp.Body.Close()

web/src/components/auth/LoginRequiredOverlay.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { motion, AnimatePresence } from 'framer-motion'
 import { LogIn, UserPlus, X, AlertTriangle, Terminal } from 'lucide-react'
 import { DeepVoidBackground } from '../common/DeepVoidBackground'
 import { useLanguage } from '../../contexts/LanguageContext'
+import { t } from '../../i18n/translations'
 
 interface LoginRequiredOverlayProps {
   isOpen: boolean
@@ -12,52 +13,19 @@ interface LoginRequiredOverlayProps {
 export function LoginRequiredOverlay({ isOpen, onClose, featureName }: LoginRequiredOverlayProps) {
   const { language } = useLanguage()
 
-  const texts = {
+  const tr = (key: string, params?: Record<string, string | number>) =>
-    zh: {
+    t(`loginRequired.${key}`, language, params)
-      title: '系统访问受限',
-      subtitle: featureName ? `访问「${featureName}」需要更高权限` : '此模块需要授权访问',
-      description: '初始化身份验证协议以解锁完整系统功能：AI 交易员配置、策略市场数据流、回测模拟核心。',
-      benefits: [
-        'AI 交易员控制权',
-        '高频策略核心市场',
-        '历史数据回测引擎',
-        '全系统数据可视化'
-      ],
-      login: '执行登录指令',
-      register: '注册新用户 ID',
-      later: '中止操作'
-    },
-    en: {
-      title: 'SYSTEM ACCESS DENIED',
-      subtitle: featureName ? `Module "${featureName}" requires elevated privileges` : 'Authorization required for this module',
-      description: 'Initialize authentication protocol to unlock full system capabilities: AI Trader configuration, Strategy Market data streams, and Backtest Simulation core.',
-      benefits: [
-        'AI Trader Control',
-        'HFT Strategy Market',
-        'Historical Backtest Engine',
-        'Full System Visualization'
-      ],
-      login: 'EXECUTE LOGIN',
-      register: 'REGISTER NEW ID',
-      later: 'ABORT'
-    },
-    id: {
-      title: 'AKSES SISTEM DITOLAK',
-      subtitle: featureName ? `Modul "${featureName}" memerlukan hak akses lebih tinggi` : 'Otorisasi diperlukan untuk modul ini',
-      description: 'Inisialisasi protokol autentikasi untuk membuka kemampuan sistem penuh: konfigurasi Trader AI, aliran data Pasar Strategi, dan inti Simulasi Backtest.',
-      benefits: [
-        'Kontrol Trader AI',
-        'Pasar Strategi HFT',
-        'Mesin Backtest Historis',
-        'Visualisasi Sistem Penuh'
-      ],
-      login: 'JALANKAN LOGIN',
-      register: 'DAFTAR ID BARU',
-      later: 'BATALKAN'
-    }
-  }
 
-  const t = texts[language]
+  const subtitle = featureName
+    ? tr('subtitleWithFeature', { featureName })
+    : tr('subtitleDefault')
+
+  const benefits = [
+    tr('benefit1'),
+    tr('benefit2'),
+    tr('benefit3'),
+    tr('benefit4'),
+  ]
 
   return (
     <AnimatePresence>
@@ -108,7 +76,7 @@ export function LoginRequiredOverlay({ isOpen, onClose, featureName }: LoginRequ
                       <div className="absolute inset-0 bg-red-500/20 blur-xl animate-pulse"></div>
                       <div className="bg-nofx-bg border border-red-500/50 text-red-500 px-4 py-2 flex items-center gap-3 shadow-[0_0_15px_rgba(239,68,68,0.2)]">
                         <AlertTriangle size={18} className="animate-pulse" />
-                        <span className="font-bold tracking-widest text-sm uppercase">{language === 'zh' ? '访问被拒绝' : 'ACCESS DENIED'}</span>
+                        <span className="font-bold tracking-widest text-sm uppercase">{tr('accessDenied')}</span>
                       </div>
                     </div>
                   </div>
@@ -116,19 +84,19 @@ export function LoginRequiredOverlay({ isOpen, onClose, featureName }: LoginRequ
                   {/* Terminal Text */}
                   <div className="space-y-4 mb-8">
                     <div className="text-center">
-                      <h2 className="text-xl font-bold text-white uppercase tracking-wider mb-2">{t.title}</h2>
+                      <h2 className="text-xl font-bold text-white uppercase tracking-wider mb-2">{tr('title')}</h2>
-                      <p className="text-nofx-gold text-xs uppercase tracking-widest border-b border-nofx-gold/20 pb-4 inline-block">{t.subtitle}</p>
+                      <p className="text-nofx-gold text-xs uppercase tracking-widest border-b border-nofx-gold/20 pb-4 inline-block">{subtitle}</p>
                     </div>
 
                     <div className="bg-nofx-bg-lighter border-l-2 border-nofx-gold/20 p-3 my-4">
                       <p className="text-xs text-nofx-text-muted leading-relaxed font-mono">
                         <span className="text-green-500 mr-2">$</span>
-                        {t.description}
+                        {tr('description')}
                       </p>
                     </div>
 
                     <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-2">
-                      {t.benefits.map((benefit, i) => (
+                      {benefits.map((benefit, i) => (
                         <div key={i} className="flex items-center gap-2 text-[10px] text-nofx-text-muted uppercase tracking-wide">
                           <span className="text-nofx-gold">✓</span> {benefit}
                         </div>
@@ -143,7 +111,7 @@ export function LoginRequiredOverlay({ isOpen, onClose, featureName }: LoginRequ
                       className="flex items-center justify-center gap-2 w-full py-3 bg-nofx-gold text-black font-bold text-xs uppercase tracking-widest hover:bg-yellow-400 transition-all shadow-neon hover:shadow-[0_0_25px_rgba(240,185,11,0.4)] group"
                     >
                       <LogIn size={14} />
-                      <span>{t.login}</span>
+                      <span>{tr('loginButton')}</span>
                       <span className="opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-100 transition-opacity -ml-2 group-hover:ml-0">-&gt;</span>
                     </a>
 
@@ -152,7 +120,7 @@ export function LoginRequiredOverlay({ isOpen, onClose, featureName }: LoginRequ
                       className="flex items-center justify-center gap-2 w-full py-3 bg-transparent border border-nofx-gold/20 text-nofx-text-muted hover:text-white hover:border-nofx-gold font-bold text-xs uppercase tracking-widest transition-all hover:bg-nofx-gold/10"
                     >
                       <UserPlus size={14} />
-                      <span>{t.register}</span>
+                      <span>{tr('registerButton')}</span>
                     </a>
                   </div>
 
@@ -161,7 +129,7 @@ export function LoginRequiredOverlay({ isOpen, onClose, featureName }: LoginRequ
                       onClick={onClose}
                       className="text-[10px] text-nofx-text-muted hover:text-nofx-danger uppercase tracking-widest hover:underline decoration-red-500/30"
                     >
-                      [ {t.later} ]
+                      [ {tr('abort')} ]
                     </button>
                   </div>
 

web/src/components/backtest/BacktestChartTab.tsx

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import {
   CandlestickChart as CandlestickIcon,
 } from 'lucide-react'
 import { api } from '../../lib/api'
+import { t, type Language } from '../../i18n/translations'
 import type {
   BacktestEquityPoint,
   BacktestTradeEvent,
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ export function EquityChart({ equity, trades }: EquityChartProps) {
 interface CandlestickChartProps {
   runId: string
   trades: BacktestTradeEvent[]
-  language: string
+  language: Language
 }
 
 export function CandlestickChartComponent({ runId, trades, language }: CandlestickChartProps) {
@@ -289,7 +290,7 @@ export function CandlestickChartComponent({ runId, trades, language }: Candlesti
   if (symbols.length === 0) {
     return (
       <div className="py-12 text-center" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>
-        {language === 'zh' ? '没有交易记录' : 'No trades to display'}
+        {t('backtestChart.noTrades', language)}
       </div>
     )
   }
@@ -300,7 +301,7 @@ export function CandlestickChartComponent({ runId, trades, language }: Candlesti
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
           <CandlestickIcon size={16} style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
           <span className="text-sm" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-            {language === 'zh' ? '币种' : 'Symbol'}
+            {t('backtestChart.symbol', language)}
           </span>
           <select
             value={selectedSymbol}
@@ -319,7 +320,7 @@ export function CandlestickChartComponent({ runId, trades, language }: Candlesti
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
           <Clock size={14} style={{ color: '#848E9C' }} />
           <span className="text-sm" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-            {language === 'zh' ? '周期' : 'Interval'}
+            {t('backtestChart.interval', language)}
           </span>
           <div className="flex rounded overflow-hidden" style={{ border: '1px solid #2B3139' }}>
             {CHART_TIMEFRAMES.map((tf) => (
@@ -339,7 +340,7 @@ export function CandlestickChartComponent({ runId, trades, language }: Candlesti
         </div>
 
         <span className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>
-          ({symbolTrades.length} {language === 'zh' ? '笔交易' : 'trades'})
+          ({symbolTrades.length} {t('backtestChart.trades', language)})
         </span>
       </div>
 
@@ -351,7 +352,7 @@ export function CandlestickChartComponent({ runId, trades, language }: Candlesti
         {isLoading && (
           <div className="flex items-center justify-center h-[400px]" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
             <RefreshCw className="animate-spin mr-2" size={16} />
-            {language === 'zh' ? '加载K线数据...' : 'Loading kline data...'}
+            {t('backtestChart.loadingKline', language)}
           </div>
         )}
         {error && (
@@ -365,14 +366,14 @@ export function CandlestickChartComponent({ runId, trades, language }: Candlesti
       <div className="flex items-center gap-4 text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
         <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
           <div className="w-2.5 h-2.5 rounded-full" style={{ background: '#0ECB81' }} />
-          <span>{language === 'zh' ? '开仓/盈利' : 'Open/Profit'}</span>
+          <span>{t('backtestChart.openProfit', language)}</span>
         </div>
         <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
           <div className="w-2.5 h-2.5 rounded-full" style={{ background: '#F6465D' }} />
-          <span>{language === 'zh' ? '亏损平仓' : 'Loss Close'}</span>
+          <span>{t('backtestChart.lossClose', language)}</span>
         </div>
         <span style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>|</span>
-        <span>▲ Long · ▼ Short · ✕ {language === 'zh' ? '平仓' : 'Close'}</span>
+        <span>▲ Long · ▼ Short · ✕ {t('backtestChart.close', language)}</span>
       </div>
     </div>
   )
@@ -384,7 +385,7 @@ interface BacktestChartTabProps {
   equity: BacktestEquityPoint[] | undefined
   trades: BacktestTradeEvent[] | undefined
   selectedRunId: string
-  language: string
+  language: Language
   tr: (key: string) => string
 }
 
@@ -405,7 +406,7 @@ export function BacktestChartTab({
     >
       <div>
         <h4 className="text-sm font-medium mb-3" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-          {language === 'zh' ? '资金曲线' : 'Equity Curve'}
+          {t('backtestChart.equityCurve', language)}
         </h4>
         {equity && equity.length > 0 ? (
           <EquityChart equity={equity} trades={trades ?? []} />
@@ -419,7 +420,7 @@ export function BacktestChartTab({
       {selectedRunId && trades && trades.length > 0 && (
         <div>
           <h4 className="text-sm font-medium mb-3" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-            {language === 'zh' ? 'K线图 & 交易标记' : 'Candlestick & Trade Markers'}
+            {t('backtestChart.candlestickTradeMarkers', language)}
           </h4>
           <CandlestickChartComponent
             runId={selectedRunId}

web/src/components/backtest/BacktestConfigForm.tsx

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import {
   Zap,
 } from 'lucide-react'
 import type { AIModel, Strategy } from '../../types'
+import { t as globalT } from '../../i18n/translations'
+import type { Language } from '../../i18n/translations'
 
 // ============ Types ============
 
@@ -104,12 +106,12 @@ export function BacktestConfigForm({
     }
   }, [selectedStrategy])
 
-  const zh = language === 'zh'
+  const lang = language as Language
   const quickRanges = [
-    { label: zh ? '24小时' : '24h', hours: 24 },
+    { label: globalT('backtestConfigForm.quickRange24h', lang), hours: 24 },
-    { label: zh ? '3天' : '3d', hours: 72 },
+    { label: globalT('backtestConfigForm.quickRange3d', lang), hours: 72 },
-    { label: zh ? '7天' : '7d', hours: 168 },
+    { label: globalT('backtestConfigForm.quickRange7d', lang), hours: 168 },
-    { label: zh ? '30天' : '30d', hours: 720 },
+    { label: globalT('backtestConfigForm.quickRange30d', lang), hours: 720 },
   ]
 
   const applyQuickRange = (hours: number) => {
@@ -144,9 +146,9 @@ export function BacktestConfigForm({
           </div>
         ))}
         <span className="ml-2 text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-          {wizardStep === 1 ? (zh ? '选择模型' : 'Select Model')
+          {wizardStep === 1 ? globalT('backtestConfigForm.selectModel', lang)
-            : wizardStep === 2 ? (zh ? '配置参数' : 'Configure')
+            : wizardStep === 2 ? globalT('backtestConfigForm.configure', lang)
-            : (zh ? '确认启动' : 'Confirm')}
+            : globalT('backtestConfigForm.confirmStart', lang)}
         </span>
       </div>
 
@@ -196,7 +198,7 @@ export function BacktestConfigForm({
               {/* Strategy Selection (Optional) */}
               <div>
                 <label className="block text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                  {zh ? '策略配置（可选）' : 'Strategy (Optional)'}
+                  {globalT('backtestConfigForm.strategyOptional', lang)}
                 </label>
                 <select
                   className="w-full p-3 rounded-lg text-sm"
@@ -204,7 +206,7 @@ export function BacktestConfigForm({
                   value={formState.strategyId}
                   onChange={(e) => onFormChange('strategyId', e.target.value)}
                 >
-                  <option value="">{zh ? '不使用保存的策略' : 'No saved strategy'}</option>
+                  <option value="">{globalT('backtestConfigForm.noSavedStrategy', lang)}</option>
                   {strategies?.map((s) => (
                     <option key={s.id} value={s.id}>
                       {s.name} {s.is_active && '✓'} {s.is_default && '⭐'}
@@ -215,7 +217,7 @@ export function BacktestConfigForm({
                   <div className="mt-2 p-2 rounded" style={{ background: 'rgba(240,185,11,0.1)', border: '1px solid rgba(240,185,11,0.2)' }}>
                     <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs">
                       <span style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }}>
-                        {zh ? '币种来源:' : 'Coin Source:'}
+                        {globalT('backtestConfigForm.coinSource', lang)}
                       </span>
                       <span className="font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
                         {coinSourceDescription.type}
@@ -225,9 +227,7 @@ export function BacktestConfigForm({
                     </div>
                     {strategyHasDynamicCoins && (
                       <div className="text-xs mt-1" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }}>
-                        {zh
+                        {globalT('backtestConfigForm.clearDynamicCoins', lang)}
-                          ? '⚡ 清空下方币种输入框即可使用策略的动态币种'
-                          : '⚡ Clear the symbols field below to use strategy\'s dynamic coins'}
                       </div>
                     )}
                   </div>
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ export function BacktestConfigForm({
                   {tr('form.symbolsLabel')}
                   {strategyHasDynamicCoins && (
                     <span className="ml-2" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>
-                      ({zh ? '可选 - 策略已配置币种来源' : 'Optional - strategy has coin source'})
+                      ({globalT('backtestConfigForm.optionalCoinSource', lang)})
                     </span>
                   )}
                 </label>
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ export function BacktestConfigForm({
                     onChange={(e) => onFormChange('symbols', e.target.value)}
                     rows={2}
                     placeholder={strategyHasDynamicCoins
-                      ? (zh ? '留空将使用策略配置的币种来源' : 'Leave empty to use strategy coin source')
+                      ? globalT('backtestConfigForm.leavEmptyForStrategy', lang)
                       : ''
                     }
                   />
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ export function BacktestConfigForm({
                       className="absolute top-2 right-2 px-2 py-1 rounded text-xs"
                       style={{ background: '#F0B90B', color: '#0B0E11' }}
                     >
-                      {zh ? '清空使用策略币种' : 'Clear to use strategy'}
+                      {globalT('backtestConfigForm.clearToUseStrategy', lang)}
                     </button>
                   )}
                 </div>
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ export function BacktestConfigForm({
                 className="w-full py-2.5 rounded-lg font-medium flex items-center justify-center gap-2 transition-all disabled:opacity-50"
                 style={{ background: '#F0B90B', color: '#0B0E11' }}
               >
-                {zh ? '下一步' : 'Next'}
+                {globalT('backtestConfigForm.next', lang)}
                 <ChevronRight className="w-4 h-4" />
               </button>
             </motion.div>
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ export function BacktestConfigForm({
 
               <div>
                 <label className="block text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                  {zh ? '时间周期' : 'Timeframes'}
+                  {globalT('backtestConfigForm.timeframes', lang)}
                 </label>
                 <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-1">
                   {TIMEFRAME_OPTIONS.map((tf) => {
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ export function BacktestConfigForm({
                   style={{ background: '#1E2329', border: '1px solid #2B3139', color: '#EAECEF' }}
                 >
                   <ChevronLeft className="w-4 h-4" />
-                  {zh ? '上一步' : 'Back'}
+                  {globalT('backtestConfigForm.back', lang)}
                 </button>
                 <button
                   type="button"
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ export function BacktestConfigForm({
                   className="flex-1 py-2 rounded-lg font-medium flex items-center justify-center gap-2"
                   style={{ background: '#F0B90B', color: '#0B0E11' }}
                 >
-                  {zh ? '下一步' : 'Next'}
+                  {globalT('backtestConfigForm.next', lang)}
                   <ChevronRight className="w-4 h-4" />
                 </button>
               </div>
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ export function BacktestConfigForm({
 
               <div>
                 <label className="block text-xs mb-1" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                  {zh ? '策略风格' : 'Strategy Style'}
+                  {globalT('backtestConfigForm.strategyStyle', lang)}
                 </label>
                 <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-1">
                   {['baseline', 'aggressive', 'conservative', 'scalping'].map((p) => (
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ export function BacktestConfigForm({
                   style={{ background: '#1E2329', border: '1px solid #2B3139', color: '#EAECEF' }}
                 >
                   <ChevronLeft className="w-4 h-4" />
-                  {zh ? '上一步' : 'Back'}
+                  {globalT('backtestConfigForm.back', lang)}
                 </button>
                 <button
                   type="submit"

web/src/components/backtest/BacktestOverviewTab.tsx

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   ArrowDownRight,
 } from 'lucide-react'
 import { MetricTooltip } from '../common/MetricTooltip'
+import { t, type Language } from '../../i18n/translations'
 import { EquityChart } from './BacktestChartTab'
 import type {
   BacktestEquityPoint,
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ export function ProgressRing({ progress, size = 120 }: ProgressRingProps) {
 
 interface PositionsDisplayProps {
   positions: BacktestPositionStatus[]
-  language: string
+  language: Language
 }
 
 export function PositionsDisplay({ positions, language }: PositionsDisplayProps) {
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ export function PositionsDisplay({ positions, language }: PositionsDisplayProps)
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
           <Activity className="w-4 h-4" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
           <span className="text-sm font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-            {language === 'zh' ? '当前持仓' : 'Active Positions'}
+            {t('backtestOverview.activePositions', language)}
           </span>
           <span
             className="px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded text-xs"
@@ -162,13 +163,13 @@ export function PositionsDisplay({ positions, language }: PositionsDisplayProps)
         </div>
         <div className="flex items-center gap-3 text-xs">
           <span style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-            {language === 'zh' ? '保证金' : 'Margin'}: ${totalMargin.toFixed(2)}
+            {t('backtestOverview.margin', language)}: ${totalMargin.toFixed(2)}
           </span>
           <span
             className="font-medium"
             style={{ color: totalUnrealizedPnL >= 0 ? '#0ECB81' : '#F6465D' }}
           >
-            {language === 'zh' ? '浮盈' : 'Unrealized'}: {totalUnrealizedPnL >= 0 ? '+' : ''}
+            {t('backtestOverview.unrealized', language)}: {totalUnrealizedPnL >= 0 ? '+' : ''}
             ${totalUnrealizedPnL.toFixed(2)}
           </span>
         </div>
@@ -214,8 +215,8 @@ export function PositionsDisplay({ positions, language }: PositionsDisplayProps)
                     </span>
                   </div>
                   <div className="text-[10px]" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>
-                    {language === 'zh' ? '数量' : 'Qty'}: {pos.quantity.toFixed(4)} ·{' '}
+                    {t('backtestOverview.qty', language)}: {pos.quantity.toFixed(4)} ·{' '}
-                    {language === 'zh' ? '保证金' : 'Margin'}: ${pos.margin_used.toFixed(2)}
+                    {t('backtestOverview.margin', language)}: ${pos.margin_used.toFixed(2)}
                   </div>
                 </div>
               </div>
@@ -223,10 +224,10 @@ export function PositionsDisplay({ positions, language }: PositionsDisplayProps)
               <div className="text-right">
                 <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs">
                   <span style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                    {language === 'zh' ? '开仓' : 'Entry'}: ${pos.entry_price.toFixed(2)}
+                    {t('backtestOverview.entry', language)}: ${pos.entry_price.toFixed(2)}
                   </span>
                   <span style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-                    {language === 'zh' ? '现价' : 'Mark'}: ${pos.mark_price.toFixed(2)}
+                    {t('backtestOverview.mark', language)}: ${pos.mark_price.toFixed(2)}
                   </span>
                 </div>
                 <div className="flex items-center justify-end gap-1.5 mt-0.5">
@@ -255,7 +256,7 @@ interface BacktestOverviewTabProps {
   equity: BacktestEquityPoint[] | undefined
   trades: BacktestTradeEvent[] | undefined
   metrics: BacktestMetrics | undefined
-  language: string
+  language: Language
   tr: (key: string) => string
 }
 
@@ -285,7 +286,7 @@ export function BacktestOverviewTab({
         <div className="grid grid-cols-2 md:grid-cols-4 gap-3 mt-4">
           <div className="p-3 rounded-lg" style={{ background: '#1E2329' }}>
             <div className="flex items-center gap-1 text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {language === 'zh' ? '胜率' : 'Win Rate'}
+              {t('backtestOverview.winRate', language)}
               <MetricTooltip metricKey="win_rate" language={language} size={11} />
             </div>
             <div className="text-lg font-bold" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
@@ -294,7 +295,7 @@ export function BacktestOverviewTab({
           </div>
           <div className="p-3 rounded-lg" style={{ background: '#1E2329' }}>
             <div className="flex items-center gap-1 text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {language === 'zh' ? '盈亏因子' : 'Profit Factor'}
+              {t('backtestOverview.profitFactor', language)}
               <MetricTooltip metricKey="profit_factor" language={language} size={11} />
             </div>
             <div className="text-lg font-bold" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
@@ -303,7 +304,7 @@ export function BacktestOverviewTab({
           </div>
           <div className="p-3 rounded-lg" style={{ background: '#1E2329' }}>
             <div className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {language === 'zh' ? '总交易数' : 'Total Trades'}
+              {t('backtestOverview.totalTrades', language)}
             </div>
             <div className="text-lg font-bold" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
               {metrics.trades ?? 0}
@@ -311,7 +312,7 @@ export function BacktestOverviewTab({
           </div>
           <div className="p-3 rounded-lg" style={{ background: '#1E2329' }}>
             <div className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {language === 'zh' ? '最佳币种' : 'Best Symbol'}
+              {t('backtestOverview.bestSymbol', language)}
             </div>
             <div className="text-lg font-bold" style={{ color: '#0ECB81' }}>
               {metrics.best_symbol?.replace('USDT', '') || '-'}

web/src/components/backtest/BacktestPage.tsx

@@ -244,9 +244,9 @@ export function BacktestPage() {
   const handleDelete = async () => {
     if (!selectedRunId) return
     const confirmed = await confirmToast(tr('toasts.confirmDelete', { id: selectedRunId }), {
-      title: language === 'zh' ? '确认删除' : 'Confirm Delete',
+      title: t('backtestPageExtra.confirmDelete', language),
-      okText: language === 'zh' ? '删除' : 'Delete',
+      okText: t('backtestPageExtra.delete', language),
-      cancelText: language === 'zh' ? '取消' : 'Cancel',
+      cancelText: t('backtestPageExtra.cancel', language),
     })
     if (!confirmed) return
     try {
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ export function BacktestPage() {
             style={{ background: '#F0B90B', color: '#0B0E11' }}
           >
             <Play className="w-4 h-4" />
-            {language === 'zh' ? '新建回测' : 'New Backtest'}
+            {t('backtestPageExtra.newBacktest', language)}
           </button>
         </div>
 
@@ -474,14 +474,14 @@ export function BacktestPage() {
                 <div className="grid grid-cols-2 md:grid-cols-4 gap-3">
                   <StatCard
                     icon={Target}
-                    label={language === 'zh' ? '当前净值' : 'Equity'}
+                    label={t('backtestPageExtra.equity', language)}
                     value={(status?.equity ?? 0).toFixed(2)}
                     suffix="USDT"
                     language={language}
                   />
                   <StatCard
                     icon={TrendingUp}
-                    label={language === 'zh' ? '总收益率' : 'Return'}
+                    label={t('backtestPageExtra.totalReturn', language)}
                     value={`${(metrics?.total_return_pct ?? 0).toFixed(2)}%`}
                     trend={(metrics?.total_return_pct ?? 0) >= 0 ? 'up' : 'down'}
                     color={(metrics?.total_return_pct ?? 0) >= 0 ? '#0ECB81' : '#F6465D'}
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ export function BacktestPage() {
                   />
                   <StatCard
                     icon={AlertTriangle}
-                    label={language === 'zh' ? '最大回撤' : 'Max DD'}
+                    label={t('backtestPageExtra.maxDD', language)}
                     value={`${(metrics?.max_drawdown_pct ?? 0).toFixed(2)}%`}
                     color="#F6465D"
                     metricKey="max_drawdown"
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ export function BacktestPage() {
                   />
                   <StatCard
                     icon={BarChart3}
-                    label={language === 'zh' ? '夏普比率' : 'Sharpe'}
+                    label={t('backtestPageExtra.sharpe', language)}
                     value={(metrics?.sharpe_ratio ?? 0).toFixed(2)}
                     metricKey="sharpe_ratio"
                     language={language}
@@ -516,20 +516,12 @@ export function BacktestPage() {
                         style={{ color: viewTab === tab ? '#F0B90B' : '#848E9C' }}
                       >
                         {tab === 'overview'
-                          ? language === 'zh'
+                          ? t('backtestPageExtra.tabOverview', language)
-                            ? '概览'
-                            : 'Overview'
                           : tab === 'chart'
-                            ? language === 'zh'
+                            ? t('backtestPageExtra.tabChart', language)
-                              ? '图表'
-                              : 'Chart'
                             : tab === 'trades'
-                              ? language === 'zh'
+                              ? t('backtestPageExtra.tabTrades', language)
-                                ? '交易'
+                              : t('backtestPageExtra.tabDecisions', language)}
-                                : 'Trades'
-                              : language === 'zh'
-                                ? 'AI决策'
-                                : 'Decisions'}
                         {viewTab === tab && (
                           <motion.div
                             layoutId="tab-indicator"

web/src/components/backtest/BacktestRunList.tsx

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   Layers,
   Eye,
 } from 'lucide-react'
+import { t, type Language } from '../../i18n/translations'
 
 // ============ Types ============
 
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ interface BacktestRunListProps {
   runs: BacktestRunItem[]
   selectedRunId: string | undefined
   compareRunIds: string[]
-  language: string
+  language: Language
   tr: (key: string, params?: Record<string, string | number>) => string
   onSelectRun: (runId: string) => void
   onToggleCompare: (runId: string) => void
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ export function BacktestRunList({
           {tr('runList.title')}
         </h3>
         <span className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-          {runs.length} {language === 'zh' ? '条' : 'runs'}
+          {runs.length} {t('backtestPageExtra.runs', language)}
         </span>
       </div>
 
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ export function BacktestRunList({
                       ? 'rgba(240,185,11,0.2)'
                       : 'transparent',
                   }}
-                  title={language === 'zh' ? '添加到对比' : 'Add to compare'}
+                  title={t('backtestPageExtra.addToCompare', language)}
                 >
                   <Eye
                     className="w-3 h-3"

web/src/components/charts/AdvancedChart.tsx

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
 } from 'lightweight-charts'
 import { useLanguage } from '../../contexts/LanguageContext'
 import { httpClient } from '../../lib/httpClient'
+import { t } from '../../i18n/translations'
 import {
   calculateSMA,
   calculateEMA,
@@ -20,26 +21,26 @@ import {
 } from '../../utils/indicators'
 import { Settings, BarChart2 } from 'lucide-react'
 
-// 订单接口定义
+// Order marker interface
 interface OrderMarker {
   time: number
   price: number
   side: 'long' | 'short'
-  rawSide: string // 原始 side 字段 (buy/sell from database)
+  rawSide: string // Original side field (buy/sell from database)
   action: 'open' | 'close'
   pnl?: number
   symbol: string
 }
 
-// 挂单接口定义 (交易所的止盈止损订单)
+// Open orders interface (exchange TP/SL orders)
 interface OpenOrder {
   order_id: string
   symbol: string
   side: string          // BUY/SELL
   position_side: string // LONG/SHORT
   type: string          // LIMIT/STOP_MARKET/TAKE_PROFIT_MARKET
-  price: number         // 限价单价格
+  price: number         // Limit order price
-  stop_price: number    // 触发价格 (止损/止盈)
+  stop_price: number    // Trigger price (SL/TP)
   quantity: number
   status: string
 }
@@ -49,11 +50,11 @@ interface AdvancedChartProps {
   interval?: string
   traderID?: string
   height?: number
-  exchange?: string // 交易所类型：binance, bybit, okx, bitget, hyperliquid, aster, lighter
+  exchange?: string // Exchange type: binance, bybit, okx, bitget, hyperliquid, aster, lighter
-  onSymbolChange?: (symbol: string) => void // 币种切换回调
+  onSymbolChange?: (symbol: string) => void // Symbol change callback
 }
 
-// 指标配置
+// Indicator configuration
 interface IndicatorConfig {
   id: string
   name: string
@@ -62,31 +63,31 @@ interface IndicatorConfig {
   params?: any
 }
 
-// 获取成交额货币单位
+// Get quote currency unit
 const getQuoteUnit = (exchange: string): string => {
   if (['alpaca'].includes(exchange)) {
     return 'USD'
   }
   if (['forex', 'metals'].includes(exchange)) {
-    return '' // 外汇/贵金属没有真实成交量
+    return '' // Forex/metals have no real volume
   }
-  return 'USDT' // 加密货币默认 USDT
+  return 'USDT' // Crypto defaults to USDT
 }
 
-// 获取成交量数量单位
+// Get base volume unit
-const getBaseUnit = (exchange: string, symbol: string): string => {
+const getBaseUnit = (exchange: string, symbol: string, language: string): string => {
   if (['alpaca'].includes(exchange)) {
-    return '股'
+    return t('advancedChart.shares', language as 'en' | 'zh' | 'id')
   }
   if (['forex', 'metals'].includes(exchange)) {
     return ''
   }
-  // 加密货币：从 symbol 提取基础资产
+  // Crypto: extract base asset from symbol
   const base = symbol.replace(/USDT$|USD$|BUSD$/, '')
-  return base || '个'
+  return base || t('advancedChart.units', language as 'en' | 'zh' | 'id')
 }
 
-// 格式化大数字
+// Format large numbers
 const formatVolume = (value: number): string => {
   if (value >= 1e9) return (value / 1e9).toFixed(2) + 'B'
   if (value >= 1e6) return (value / 1e6).toFixed(2) + 'M'
@@ -99,43 +100,43 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
   interval = '5m',
   traderID,
   height = 550,
-  exchange = 'binance', // 默认使用 binance
+  exchange = 'binance', // Default to binance
   onSymbolChange: _onSymbolChange, // Available for future use
 }: AdvancedChartProps) {
   void _onSymbolChange // Prevent unused warning
   const { language } = useLanguage()
   const quoteUnit = getQuoteUnit(exchange)
-  const baseUnit = getBaseUnit(exchange, symbol)
+  const baseUnit = getBaseUnit(exchange, symbol, language)
   const chartContainerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
   const chartRef = useRef<IChartApi | null>(null)
   const candlestickSeriesRef = useRef<ISeriesApi<'Candlestick'> | null>(null)
   const volumeSeriesRef = useRef<ISeriesApi<'Histogram'> | null>(null)
   const indicatorSeriesRef = useRef<Map<string, ISeriesApi<any>>>(new Map())
   const seriesMarkersRef = useRef<any>(null) // Markers primitive for v5
-  const currentMarkersDataRef = useRef<any[]>([]) // 存储当前的标记数据
+  const currentMarkersDataRef = useRef<any[]>([]) // Store current marker data
-  const klineDataRef = useRef<Map<number, { volume: number; quoteVolume: number }>>(new Map()) // 存储 kline 额外数据
+  const klineDataRef = useRef<Map<number, { volume: number; quoteVolume: number }>>(new Map()) // Store kline extra data
-  const priceLinesRef = useRef<any[]>([]) // 存储挂单价格线
+  const priceLinesRef = useRef<any[]>([]) // Store open order price lines
 
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null)
   const [showIndicatorPanel, setShowIndicatorPanel] = useState(false)
-  const [showOrderMarkers, setShowOrderMarkers] = useState(true) // 订单标记显示开关，默认显示
+  const [showOrderMarkers, setShowOrderMarkers] = useState(true) // Order marker toggle, default on
-  const isInitialLoadRef = useRef(true) // 跟踪是否为初始加载
+  const isInitialLoadRef = useRef(true) // Track if this is initial load
   const [tooltipData, setTooltipData] = useState<any>(null)
   const tooltipRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
 
-  // 行情统计数据（当前K线）
+  // Market stats (current candle)
   const [marketStats, setMarketStats] = useState<{
     price: number
     priceChange: number
     priceChangePercent: number
     high: number
     low: number
-    volume: number      // 数量（BTC/股数）
+    volume: number      // Quantity (BTC/shares)
-    quoteVolume: number // 成交额（USDT/USD）
+    quoteVolume: number // Turnover (USDT/USD)
   } | null>(null)
 
-  // 指标配置
+  // Indicator configuration
   const [indicators, setIndicators] = useState<IndicatorConfig[]>([
     { id: 'volume', name: 'Volume', enabled: true, color: '#3B82F6' },
     { id: 'ma5', name: 'MA5', enabled: false, color: '#FF6B6B', params: { period: 5 } },
@@ -147,7 +148,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
     { id: 'bb', name: 'Bollinger Bands', enabled: false, color: '#9B59B6' },
   ])
 
-  // 从服务获取K线数据
+  // Fetch kline data from service
   const fetchKlineData = async (symbol: string, interval: string) => {
     try {
       const limit = 1500
@@ -158,18 +159,18 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
         throw new Error('Failed to fetch kline data')
       }
 
-      // 转换数据格式
+      // Convert data format
       const rawData = result.data.map((candle: any) => ({
         time: Math.floor(candle.openTime / 1000) as UTCTimestamp,
         open: candle.open,
         high: candle.high,
         low: candle.low,
         close: candle.close,
-        volume: candle.volume,           // 数量（BTC/股数）
+        volume: candle.volume,           // Quantity (BTC/shares)
-        quoteVolume: candle.quoteVolume, // 成交额（USDT/USD）
+        quoteVolume: candle.quoteVolume, // Turnover (USDT/USD)
       }))
 
-      // 按时间排序并去重（lightweight-charts 要求数据按时间升序且无重复）
+      // Sort by time and deduplicate (lightweight-charts requires ascending, unique times)
       const sortedData = rawData.sort((a: any, b: any) => a.time - b.time)
       const dedupedData = sortedData.filter((item: any, index: number, arr: any[]) =>
         index === 0 || item.time !== arr[index - 1].time
@@ -186,16 +187,16 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
     }
   }
 
-  // 解析时间：支持 Unix 时间戳（数字）或字符串格式
+  // Parse time: supports Unix timestamp (number) or string format
   const parseCustomTime = (time: any): number => {
     if (!time) {
       console.warn('[AdvancedChart] Empty time value')
       return 0
     }
 
-    // 如果已经是数字（Unix 时间戳）
+    // If already a number (Unix timestamp)
     if (typeof time === 'number') {
-      // 判断是毫秒还是秒：如果大于 10^12 则认为是毫秒（2001年之后的毫秒时间戳）
+      // Determine ms vs seconds: if > 10^12, treat as milliseconds
       if (time > 1000000000000) {
         const seconds = Math.floor(time / 1000)
         console.log('[AdvancedChart] ✅ Unix timestamp (ms→s):', time, '→', seconds, '(', new Date(time).toISOString(), ')')
@@ -208,7 +209,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
     const timeStr = String(time)
     console.log('[AdvancedChart] Parsing time string:', timeStr)
 
-    // 尝试标准ISO格式
+    // Try standard ISO format
     const isoTime = new Date(timeStr).getTime()
     if (!isNaN(isoTime) && isoTime > 0) {
       const timestamp = Math.floor(isoTime / 1000)
@@ -216,7 +217,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
       return timestamp
     }
 
-    // 解析自定义格式 "MM-DD HH:mm UTC" (兼容旧数据)
+    // Parse custom format "MM-DD HH:mm UTC" (for legacy data)
     const match = timeStr.match(/(\d{2})-(\d{2})\s+(\d{2}):(\d{2})\s+UTC/)
     if (match) {
       const currentYear = new Date().getFullYear()
@@ -237,11 +238,11 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
     return 0
   }
 
-  // 获取订单数据
+  // Fetch order data
   const fetchOrders = async (traderID: string, symbol: string): Promise<OrderMarker[]> => {
     try {
       console.log('[AdvancedChart] Fetching orders for trader:', traderID, 'symbol:', symbol)
-      // 获取已成交的订单，增加到200条以显示更多历史订单
+      // Fetch filled orders, up to 200 for more history
       const result = await httpClient.get(`/api/orders?trader_id=${traderID}&symbol=${symbol}&status=FILLED&limit=200`)
 
       console.log('[AdvancedChart] Orders API response:', result)
@@ -258,14 +259,14 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
       orders.forEach((order: any) => {
         console.log('[AdvancedChart] Processing order:', order)
 
-        // 处理字段名：支持PascalCase和snake_case
+        // Handle field names: support PascalCase and snake_case
         const filledAt = order.filled_at || order.FilledAt || order.created_at || order.CreatedAt
         const avgPrice = order.avg_fill_price || order.AvgFillPrice || order.price || order.Price
         const orderAction = order.order_action || order.OrderAction
         const side = (order.side || order.Side)?.toLowerCase() // BUY/SELL
         const symbol = order.symbol || order.Symbol
 
-        // 跳过没有成交时间或价格的订单
+        // Skip orders without fill time or price
         if (!filledAt || !avgPrice || avgPrice === 0) {
           console.warn('[AdvancedChart] Skipping order - missing data:', { filledAt, avgPrice })
           return
@@ -277,7 +278,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
           return
         }
 
-        // 根据 order_action 判断是开仓还是平仓
+        // Determine open/close from order_action
         let action: 'open' | 'close' = 'open'
         let positionSide: 'long' | 'short' = 'long'
 
@@ -290,7 +291,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
             positionSide = orderAction.includes('LONG') ? 'long' : 'short'
           }
         } else {
-          // 如果没有 order_action，根据 side 判断
+          // If no order_action, infer from side
           positionSide = side === 'buy' ? 'long' : 'short'
         }
 
@@ -307,7 +308,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
           time: timeSeconds,
           price: avgPrice,
           side: positionSide,
-          rawSide: side, // 原始 side 字段 (buy/sell)
+          rawSide: side, // Original side field (buy/sell)
           action: action,
           symbol,
         })
@@ -321,7 +322,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
     }
   }
 
-  // 获取交易所挂单 (止盈止损订单)
+  // Fetch exchange open orders (TP/SL)
   const fetchOpenOrders = async (traderID: string, symbol: string): Promise<OpenOrder[]> => {
     try {
       console.log('[AdvancedChart] Fetching open orders for trader:', traderID, 'symbol:', symbol)
@@ -341,7 +342,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
     }
   }
 
-  // 初始化图表
+  // Initialize chart
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!chartContainerRef.current) return
 
@@ -424,7 +425,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
 
     chartRef.current = chart
 
-    // 创建K线系列
+    // Create candlestick series
     const candlestickSeries = chart.addSeries(CandlestickSeries, {
       upColor: '#0ECB81',
       downColor: '#F6465D',
@@ -435,7 +436,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
     })
     candlestickSeriesRef.current = candlestickSeries as any
 
-    // 创建成交量系列
+    // Create volume series
     const volumeSeries = chart.addSeries(HistogramSeries, {
       color: '#26a69a',
       priceFormat: {
@@ -447,7 +448,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
     })
     volumeSeriesRef.current = volumeSeries as any
 
-    // 响应式调整 (ResizeObserver)
+    // Responsive resize (ResizeObserver)
     const resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver((entries) => {
       if (entries.length === 0 || !entries[0].contentRect) return
       const { width, height } = entries[0].contentRect
@@ -458,7 +459,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
       resizeObserver.observe(chartContainerRef.current)
     }
 
-    // 监听鼠标移动，显示 OHLC 信息
+    // Listen for crosshair movement to show OHLC info
     chart.subscribeCrosshairMove((param) => {
       if (!param.time || !param.point || !candlestickSeriesRef.current) {
         setTooltipData(null)
@@ -473,7 +474,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
 
       const candleData = data as any
 
-      // 从存储的数据中获取 volume 和 quoteVolume
+      // Get volume and quoteVolume from stored data
       const klineExtra = klineDataRef.current.get(param.time as number) || { volume: 0, quoteVolume: 0 }
 
       setTooltipData({
@@ -496,18 +497,18 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
   }, []) // Chart is created once, ResizeObserver handles dimension changes
 
 
-  // 加载数据和指标
+  // Load data and indicators
   useEffect(() => {
-    // 当 symbol 或 interval 改变时，重置初始加载标志（以便自动适配新数据）
+    // Reset initial load flag when symbol/interval changes (for auto-fit)
     isInitialLoadRef.current = true
 
-    // 清除旧的标记数据，避免旧数据影响新图表
+    // Clear old marker data to prevent stale data in new chart
     currentMarkersDataRef.current = []
     if (seriesMarkersRef.current) {
       try {
         seriesMarkersRef.current.setMarkers([])
       } catch (e) {
-        // 忽略错误，稍后会重新创建
+        // Ignore errors, will be recreated later
       }
       seriesMarkersRef.current = null
     }
@@ -516,30 +517,30 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
       if (!candlestickSeriesRef.current) return
 
       console.log('[AdvancedChart] Loading data for', symbol, interval, isRefresh ? '(refresh)' : '')
-      // 只在首次加载时显示 loading，刷新时不显示避免闪烁
+      // Only show loading on first load, avoid flicker on refresh
       if (!isRefresh) {
         setLoading(true)
       }
       setError(null)
 
       try {
-        // 1. 获取K线数据
+        // 1. Fetch kline data
         const klineData = await fetchKlineData(symbol, interval)
         console.log('[AdvancedChart] Loaded', klineData.length, 'klines')
         candlestickSeriesRef.current.setData(klineData)
 
-        // 存储 volume/quoteVolume 数据供 tooltip 使用
+        // Store volume/quoteVolume data for tooltip
         klineDataRef.current.clear()
         klineData.forEach((k: any) => {
           klineDataRef.current.set(k.time, { volume: k.volume || 0, quoteVolume: k.quoteVolume || 0 })
         })
 
-        // 1.5 计算行情统计数据
+        // 1.5 Calculate market stats
         if (klineData.length > 1) {
           const latestKline = klineData[klineData.length - 1]
           const prevKline = klineData[klineData.length - 2]
 
-          // 涨跌幅：当前K线收盘价 vs 前一根K线收盘价
+          // Price change: current candle close vs previous candle close
           const priceChange = latestKline.close - prevKline.close
           const priceChangePercent = (priceChange / prevKline.close) * 100
 
@@ -565,7 +566,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
           })
         }
 
-        // 2. 显示成交量
+        // 2. Display volume
         if (volumeSeriesRef.current) {
           const volumeEnabled = indicators.find(i => i.id === 'volume')?.enabled
           if (volumeEnabled) {
@@ -576,15 +577,15 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
             }))
             volumeSeriesRef.current.setData(volumeData)
           } else {
-            // 关闭成交量时清空数据
+            // Clear data when volume is disabled
             volumeSeriesRef.current.setData([])
           }
         }
 
-        // 3. 添加指标
+        // 3. Add indicators
         updateIndicators(klineData)
 
-        // 4. 获取并显示订单标记
+        // 4. Fetch and display order markers
         if (traderID && candlestickSeriesRef.current) {
           console.log('[AdvancedChart] Starting to fetch orders...')
           const orders = await fetchOrders(traderID, symbol)
@@ -593,17 +594,17 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
           if (orders.length > 0) {
             console.log('[AdvancedChart] Creating markers from', orders.length, 'orders')
 
-            // 提取 K 线时间数组（已排序）
+            // Extract sorted kline time array
             const klineTimes = klineData.map((k: any) => k.time as number)
             const klineMinTime = klineTimes[0] || 0
             const klineMaxTime = klineTimes[klineTimes.length - 1] || 0
             console.log('[AdvancedChart] Kline time range:', klineMinTime, '-', klineMaxTime, '(', klineTimes.length, 'candles)')
 
-            // 二分查找：找到订单时间所属的 K 线蜡烛
+            // Binary search: find the kline candle for the order time
-            // 返回 time <= orderTime 的最大 K 线时间
+            // Return the largest kline time <= orderTime
             const findCandleTime = (orderTime: number): number | null => {
               if (orderTime < klineMinTime || orderTime > klineMaxTime) {
-                return null // 超出范围
+                return null // Out of range
               }
 
               let left = 0
@@ -621,11 +622,11 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
               return klineTimes[left]
             }
 
-            // 按 K 线时间分组统计订单
+            // Group orders by kline time
             const ordersByCandle = new Map<number, { buys: number; sells: number }>()
 
             orders.forEach(order => {
-              // 使用二分查找找到对应的 K 线蜡烛时间
+              // Use binary search to find matching kline candle time
               const candleTime = findCandleTime(order.time)
 
               if (candleTime === null) {
@@ -643,7 +644,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
               ordersByCandle.set(candleTime, existing)
             })
 
-            // 为每个有订单的 K 线创建标记
+            // Create markers for each kline with orders
             const markers: Array<{
               time: Time
               position: 'belowBar' | 'aboveBar'
@@ -654,7 +655,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
             }> = []
 
             ordersByCandle.forEach((counts, candleTime) => {
-              // 显示买入标记（绿色，在K线下方）
+              // Show buy markers (green, below bar)
               if (counts.buys > 0) {
                 markers.push({
                   time: candleTime as Time,
@@ -665,7 +666,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
                   size: 1,
                 })
               }
-              // 显示卖出标记（红色，在K线上方）
+              // Show sell markers (red, above bar)
               if (counts.sells > 0) {
                 markers.push({
                   time: candleTime as Time,
@@ -678,7 +679,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
               }
             })
 
-            // 按时间排序（lightweight-charts 要求标记按时间顺序）
+            // Sort by time (lightweight-charts requires chronological order)
             markers.sort((a, b) => (a.time as number) - (b.time as number))
 
             console.log('[AdvancedChart] Valid markers:', markers.length, 'out of', orders.length)
@@ -687,17 +688,17 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
             console.log('[AdvancedChart] Markers data:', JSON.stringify(markers, null, 2))
 
             try {
-              // 存储标记数据供后续切换使用
+              // Store marker data for later toggle use
               currentMarkersDataRef.current = markers
 
-              // 使用 v5 API: createSeriesMarkers
+              // Using v5 API: createSeriesMarkers
               const markersToShow = showOrderMarkers ? markers : []
 
               if (seriesMarkersRef.current) {
-                // 如果已经存在，更新标记
+                // If already exists, update markers
                 seriesMarkersRef.current.setMarkers(markersToShow)
               } else {
-                // 首次创建标记
+                // First time creating markers
                 seriesMarkersRef.current = createSeriesMarkers(candlestickSeriesRef.current, markersToShow)
               }
               console.log('[AdvancedChart] ✅ Markers updated! Count:', markersToShow.length, 'Visible:', showOrderMarkers)
@@ -721,7 +722,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
           })
         }
 
-        // 只在初始加载时自动适配视图，避免刷新时抖动
+        // Auto-fit view only on initial load, avoid jitter on refresh
         if (isInitialLoadRef.current) {
           chartRef.current?.timeScale().fitContent()
           isInitialLoadRef.current = false
@@ -734,26 +735,26 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
       }
     }
 
-    loadData(false) // 首次加载
+    loadData(false) // Initial load
 
-    // 实时自动刷新 (5秒更新一次)
+    // Real-time auto-refresh (every 5 seconds)
     const refreshInterval = setInterval(() => loadData(true), 5000)
     return () => clearInterval(refreshInterval)
   }, [symbol, interval, traderID, exchange])
 
-  // 单独刷新挂单价格线 (60秒刷新一次，避免频繁调用交易所API)
+  // Refresh open order price lines separately (every 60s, avoid frequent exchange API calls)
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!traderID || !candlestickSeriesRef.current) return
 
-    // 加载挂单并显示价格线
+    // Load open orders and display price lines
     const loadOpenOrders = async () => {
       try {
-        // 先清除旧的价格线
+        // Clear old price lines first
         priceLinesRef.current.forEach(line => {
           try {
             candlestickSeriesRef.current?.removePriceLine(line)
           } catch (e) {
-            // 忽略清除错误
+            // Ignore clear error
           }
         })
         priceLinesRef.current = []
@@ -763,28 +764,28 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
 
         if (openOrders.length > 0 && candlestickSeriesRef.current) {
           openOrders.forEach(order => {
-            // 获取触发价格 (止损/止盈用 stop_price，限价单用 price)
+            // Get trigger price (SL/TP use stop_price, limit orders use price)
             const linePrice = order.stop_price > 0 ? order.stop_price : order.price
             if (linePrice <= 0) return
 
-            // 判断订单类型
+            // Determine order type
             const isStopLoss = order.type.includes('STOP') || order.type.includes('SL')
             const isTakeProfit = order.type.includes('TAKE_PROFIT') || order.type.includes('TP')
             const isLimit = order.type === 'LIMIT'
 
-            // 设置价格线样式
+            // Set price line style
-            let lineColor = '#F0B90B' // 默认黄色
+            let lineColor = '#F0B90B' // Default yellow
-            const lineStyle = 2 // 虚线
+            const lineStyle = 2 // dashed
             let title = ''
 
             if (isStopLoss) {
-              lineColor = '#F6465D' // 红色 - 止损
+              lineColor = '#F6465D' // red - stop loss
               title = `SL ${order.quantity}`
             } else if (isTakeProfit) {
-              lineColor = '#0ECB81' // 绿色 - 止盈
+              lineColor = '#0ECB81' // green - take profit
               title = `TP ${order.quantity}`
             } else if (isLimit) {
-              lineColor = '#F0B90B' // 黄色 - 限价单
+              lineColor = '#F0B90B' // yellow - limit order
               title = `Limit ${order.side} ${order.quantity}`
             } else {
               title = `${order.type} ${order.quantity}`
@@ -810,10 +811,10 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
       }
     }
 
-    // 初始加载 (延迟1秒等待图表初始化完成)
+    // Initial load (delay 1s to wait for chart initialization)
     const initialTimeout = setTimeout(loadOpenOrders, 1000)
 
-    // 60秒刷新一次挂单
+    // Refresh open orders every 60 seconds
     const openOrdersInterval = setInterval(loadOpenOrders, 60000)
 
     return () => {
@@ -822,7 +823,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
     }
   }, [symbol, traderID])
 
-  // 单独处理订单标记的显示/隐藏，避免重新加载数据
+  // Handle order marker show/hide separately to avoid reloading data
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!seriesMarkersRef.current) return
 
@@ -835,17 +836,17 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
     }
   }, [showOrderMarkers])
 
-  // 更新指标
+  // Update indicators
   const updateIndicators = (klineData: Kline[]) => {
     if (!chartRef.current) return
 
-    // 清除旧指标
+    // Clear old indicators
     indicatorSeriesRef.current.forEach(series => {
       chartRef.current?.removeSeries(series as any)
     })
     indicatorSeriesRef.current.clear()
 
-    // 添加启用的指标
+    // Add enabled indicators
     indicators.forEach(indicator => {
       if (!indicator.enabled || !chartRef.current) return
 
@@ -864,7 +865,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
           color: indicator.color,
           lineWidth: 2,
           title: indicator.name,
-          lineStyle: 2, // 虚线
+          lineStyle: 2, // dashed
         })
         series.setData(emaData as any)
         indicatorSeriesRef.current.set(indicator.id, series)
@@ -900,7 +901,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
     })
   }
 
-  // 切换指标
+  // Toggle indicator
   const toggleIndicator = (id: string) => {
     setIndicators(prev =>
       prev.map(ind => (ind.id === id ? { ...ind, enabled: !ind.enabled } : ind))
@@ -980,7 +981,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
         <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
           {loading && (
             <span className="text-[10px] text-yellow-400 animate-pulse mr-2">
-              {language === 'zh' ? '更新中...' : 'Updating...'}
+              {t('advancedChart.updating', language)}
             </span>
           )}
           <button
@@ -992,7 +993,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
             }}
           >
             <Settings className="w-3 h-3" />
-            <span>{language === 'zh' ? '指标' : 'Indicators'}</span>
+            <span>{t('advancedChart.indicators', language)}</span>
           </button>
 
           <button
@@ -1002,14 +1003,14 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
               background: showOrderMarkers ? 'rgba(16, 185, 129, 0.15)' : 'transparent',
               color: showOrderMarkers ? '#10B981' : '#6B7280',
             }}
-            title={language === 'zh' ? '订单标记' : 'Order Markers'}
+            title={t('advancedChart.orderMarkers', language)}
           >
             <span>B/S</span>
           </button>
         </div>
       </div>
 
-      {/* 指标面板 - 专业化设计 */}
+      {/* Indicator panel - professional design */}
       {showIndicatorPanel && (
         <div
           className="absolute top-16 right-4 z-10 rounded-lg shadow-2xl backdrop-blur-sm"
@@ -1021,7 +1022,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
             overflowY: 'auto',
           }}
         >
-          {/* 标题栏 */}
+          {/* Title bar */}
           <div
             className="flex items-center justify-between px-4 py-3 border-b"
             style={{ borderColor: 'rgba(43, 49, 57, 0.5)' }}
@@ -1029,7 +1030,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
               <BarChart2 className="w-4 h-4 text-yellow-400" />
               <h4 className="text-sm font-bold text-white">
-                {language === 'zh' ? '技术指标' : 'Technical Indicators'}
+                {t('advancedChart.technicalIndicators', language)}
               </h4>
             </div>
             <button
@@ -1040,7 +1041,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
             </button>
           </div>
 
-          {/* 指标列表 */}
+          {/* Indicator list */}
           <div className="p-3 space-y-1">
             {indicators.map(indicator => (
               <label
@@ -1069,17 +1070,17 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
             ))}
           </div>
 
-          {/* 底部提示 */}
+          {/* Bottom hint */}
           <div
             className="px-4 py-2 text-xs text-gray-500 border-t"
             style={{ borderColor: 'rgba(43, 49, 57, 0.5)' }}
           >
-            {language === 'zh' ? '点击选择需要显示的指标' : 'Click to toggle indicators'}
+            {t('advancedChart.clickToToggle', language)}
           </div>
         </div>
       )}
 
-      {/* 图表容器 */}
+      {/* Chart container */}
       <div style={{ position: 'relative', flex: 1, minHeight: 0 }}>
         <div ref={chartContainerRef} style={{ height: '100%', width: '100%' }} />
 
@@ -1151,7 +1152,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
           </div>
         )}
 
-        {/* NOFX 水印 */}
+        {/* NOFX watermark */}
         <div
           style={{
             position: 'absolute',
@@ -1177,7 +1178,7 @@ export function AdvancedChart({
         </div>
       </div>
 
-      {/* 错误提示 */}
+      {/* Error message */}
       {error && (
         <div
           className="absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center"

web/src/components/charts/ChartTabs.tsx

@@ -3,14 +3,15 @@ import { EquityChart } from './EquityChart'
 import { AdvancedChart } from './AdvancedChart'
 import { useLanguage } from '../../contexts/LanguageContext'
 import { t } from '../../i18n/translations'
+import { chartTabs, ts } from '../../i18n/strategy-translations'
 import { BarChart3, CandlestickChart, ChevronDown, Search } from 'lucide-react'
 import { motion, AnimatePresence } from 'framer-motion'
 
 interface ChartTabsProps {
   traderId: string
-  selectedSymbol?: string // 从外部选择的币种
+  selectedSymbol?: string // Externally selected symbol
-  updateKey?: number // 强制更新的 key
+  updateKey?: number // Force update key
-  exchangeId?: string // 交易所ID
+  exchangeId?: string // Exchange ID
 }
 
 type ChartTab = 'equity' | 'kline'
@@ -23,13 +24,13 @@ interface SymbolInfo {
   category: string
 }
 
-// 市场类型配置
+// Market type configuration
 const MARKET_CONFIG = {
-  hyperliquid: { exchange: 'hyperliquid', defaultSymbol: 'BTC', icon: '🔷', label: { zh: 'HL', en: 'HL' }, color: 'cyan', hasDropdown: true },
+  hyperliquid: { exchange: 'hyperliquid', defaultSymbol: 'BTC', icon: '🔷', labelKey: 'hyperliquid' as const, color: 'cyan', hasDropdown: true },
-  crypto: { exchange: 'binance', defaultSymbol: 'BTCUSDT', icon: '₿', label: { zh: '加密', en: 'Crypto' }, color: 'yellow', hasDropdown: false },
+  crypto: { exchange: 'binance', defaultSymbol: 'BTCUSDT', icon: '₿', labelKey: 'crypto' as const, color: 'yellow', hasDropdown: false },
-  stocks: { exchange: 'alpaca', defaultSymbol: 'AAPL', icon: '📈', label: { zh: '美股', en: 'Stocks' }, color: 'green', hasDropdown: false },
+  stocks: { exchange: 'alpaca', defaultSymbol: 'AAPL', icon: '📈', labelKey: 'stocks' as const, color: 'green', hasDropdown: false },
-  forex: { exchange: 'forex', defaultSymbol: 'EUR/USD', icon: '💱', label: { zh: '外汇', en: 'Forex' }, color: 'blue', hasDropdown: false },
+  forex: { exchange: 'forex', defaultSymbol: 'EUR/USD', icon: '💱', labelKey: 'forex' as const, color: 'blue', hasDropdown: false },
-  metals: { exchange: 'metals', defaultSymbol: 'XAU/USD', icon: '🥇', label: { zh: '金属', en: 'Metals' }, color: 'amber', hasDropdown: false },
+  metals: { exchange: 'metals', defaultSymbol: 'XAU/USD', icon: '🥇', labelKey: 'metals' as const, color: 'amber', hasDropdown: false },
 }
 
 const INTERVALS: { value: Interval; label: string }[] = [
@@ -42,12 +43,12 @@ const INTERVALS: { value: Interval; label: string }[] = [
   { value: '1d', label: '1d' },
 ]
 
-// 根据交易所ID推断市场类型
+// Infer market type from exchange ID
 function getMarketTypeFromExchange(exchangeId: string | undefined): MarketType {
   if (!exchangeId) return 'hyperliquid'
   const lower = exchangeId.toLowerCase()
   if (lower.includes('hyperliquid')) return 'hyperliquid'
-  // 其他交易所默认使用 crypto 类型
+  // Other exchanges default to crypto type
   return 'crypto'
 }
 
@@ -63,25 +64,25 @@ export function ChartTabs({ traderId, selectedSymbol, updateKey, exchangeId }: C
   const [searchFilter, setSearchFilter] = useState('')
   const dropdownRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
 
-  // 当交易所ID变化时，自动切换市场类型
+  // Auto-switch market type when exchange ID changes
   useEffect(() => {
     const newMarketType = getMarketTypeFromExchange(exchangeId)
     setMarketType(newMarketType)
   }, [exchangeId])
 
-  // 根据市场类型确定交易所
+  // Determine exchange from market type
   const marketConfig = MARKET_CONFIG[marketType]
-  // 优先使用传入的 exchangeId（非 hyperliquid 时）
+  // Prefer passed-in exchangeId (when not hyperliquid)
   const currentExchange = marketType === 'hyperliquid' ? 'hyperliquid' : (exchangeId || marketConfig.exchange)
 
-  // 获取可用币种列表
+  // Fetch available symbol list
   useEffect(() => {
     if (marketConfig.hasDropdown) {
       fetch(`/api/symbols?exchange=${marketConfig.exchange}`)
         .then(res => res.json())
         .then(data => {
           if (data.symbols) {
-            // 按类别排序: crypto > stock > forex > commodity > index
+            // Sort by category: crypto > stock > forex > commodity > index
             const categoryOrder: Record<string, number> = { crypto: 0, stock: 1, forex: 2, commodity: 3, index: 4 }
             const sorted = [...data.symbols].sort((a: SymbolInfo, b: SymbolInfo) => {
               const orderA = categoryOrder[a.category] ?? 5
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ export function ChartTabs({ traderId, selectedSymbol, updateKey, exchangeId }: C
     }
   }, [marketType, marketConfig.exchange, marketConfig.hasDropdown])
 
-  // 点击外部关闭下拉
+  // Close dropdown on outside click
   useEffect(() => {
     const handleClickOutside = (event: MouseEvent) => {
       if (dropdownRef.current && !dropdownRef.current.contains(event.target as Node)) {
@@ -107,33 +108,33 @@ export function ChartTabs({ traderId, selectedSymbol, updateKey, exchangeId }: C
     return () => document.removeEventListener('mousedown', handleClickOutside)
   }, [])
 
-  // 切换市场类型时更新默认符号
+  // Update default symbol when switching market type
   const handleMarketTypeChange = (type: MarketType) => {
     setMarketType(type)
     setChartSymbol(MARKET_CONFIG[type].defaultSymbol)
     setShowDropdown(false)
   }
 
-  // 过滤后的币种列表
+  // Filtered symbol list
   const filteredSymbols = availableSymbols.filter(s =>
     s.symbol.toLowerCase().includes(searchFilter.toLowerCase())
   )
 
-  // 当从外部选择币种时，自动切换到K线图
+  // Auto-switch to kline chart when symbol selected externally
   useEffect(() => {
     if (selectedSymbol) {
-      console.log('[ChartTabs] 收到币种选择:', selectedSymbol, 'updateKey:', updateKey)
+      console.log('[ChartTabs] Symbol selected:', selectedSymbol, 'updateKey:', updateKey)
       setChartSymbol(selectedSymbol)
       setActiveTab('kline')
     }
   }, [selectedSymbol, updateKey])
 
-  // 处理手动输入符号
+  // Handle manual symbol input
   const handleSymbolSubmit = (e: React.FormEvent) => {
     e.preventDefault()
     if (symbolInput.trim()) {
       let symbol = symbolInput.trim().toUpperCase()
-      // 加密货币自动加 USDT 后缀
+      // Auto-append USDT suffix for crypto
       if (marketType === 'crypto' && !symbol.endsWith('USDT')) {
         symbol = symbol + 'USDT'
       }
@@ -198,7 +199,7 @@ export function ChartTabs({ traderId, selectedSymbol, updateKey, exchangeId }: C
                       }`}
                   >
                     <span className="mr-1 opacity-70">{config.icon}</span>
-                    {language === 'zh' ? config.label.zh : config.label.en}
+                    {ts(chartTabs[config.labelKey], language)}
                   </button>
                 )
               })}

web/src/components/charts/ChartWithOrders.tsx

@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ import {
 } from 'lightweight-charts'
 import { useLanguage } from '../../contexts/LanguageContext'
 import { httpClient } from '../../lib/httpClient'
+import { t } from '../../i18n/translations'
 
-// 订单接口定义
+// Order marker interface
 interface OrderMarker {
   time: number // Unix timestamp (seconds)
   price: number
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ interface OrderMarker {
   symbol: string
 }
 
-// K线数据接口
+// Kline data interface
 interface KlineData {
   time: UTCTimestamp
   open: number
@@ -34,9 +35,9 @@ interface KlineData {
 interface ChartWithOrdersProps {
   symbol: string
   interval?: string // 1m, 5m, 15m, 1h, 4h, 1d
-  traderID?: string // 用于获取该trader的订单
+  traderID?: string // Used to fetch orders for this trader
   height?: number
-  exchange?: string // 交易所类型：binance, bybit, okx, bitget, hyperliquid, aster, lighter
+  exchange?: string // Exchange type: binance, bybit, okx, bitget, hyperliquid, aster, lighter
 }
 
 export function ChartWithOrders({
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
   interval = '5m',
   traderID,
   height = 500,
-  exchange = 'binance', // 默认使用 binance
+  exchange = 'binance', // Default to binance
 }: ChartWithOrdersProps) {
   const { language } = useLanguage()
   const chartContainerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
@@ -56,16 +57,16 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
   const [tooltipData, setTooltipData] = useState<any>(null)
   const tooltipRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
 
-  // 解析时间：支持 Unix 时间戳（数字）或字符串格式
+  // Parse time: supports Unix timestamp (number) or string format
   const parseCustomTime = (time: any): number => {
     if (!time) {
       console.warn('[ChartWithOrders] Empty time value')
       return 0
     }
 
-    // 如果已经是数字（Unix 时间戳）
+    // If already a number (Unix timestamp)
     if (typeof time === 'number') {
-      // 判断是毫秒还是秒：如果大于 10^12 则认为是毫秒（2001年之后的毫秒时间戳）
+      // Determine ms vs seconds: if > 10^12, treat as milliseconds
       if (time > 1000000000000) {
         const seconds = Math.floor(time / 1000)
         console.log('[ChartWithOrders] ✅ Unix timestamp (ms→s):', time, '→', seconds, '(', new Date(time).toISOString(), ')')
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
     const timeStr = String(time)
     console.log('[ChartWithOrders] Parsing time string:', timeStr)
 
-    // 尝试标准ISO格式
+    // Try standard ISO format
     const isoTime = new Date(timeStr).getTime()
     if (!isNaN(isoTime) && isoTime > 0) {
       const timestamp = Math.floor(isoTime / 1000)
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
       return timestamp
     }
 
-    // 解析自定义格式 "MM-DD HH:mm UTC" (兼容旧数据)
+    // Parse custom format "MM-DD HH:mm UTC" (for legacy data)
     const match = timeStr.match(/(\d{2})-(\d{2})\s+(\d{2}):(\d{2})\s+UTC/)
     if (match) {
       const currentYear = new Date().getFullYear()
@@ -107,10 +108,10 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
     return 0
   }
 
-  // 从我们的服务获取K线数据
+  // Fetch kline data from our service
   const fetchKlineData = async (symbol: string, interval: string): Promise<KlineData[]> => {
     try {
-      const limit = 2000 // 获取最近2000根K线 (更多历史数据)
+      const limit = 2000 // Fetch recent 2000 candles (more historical data)
       const klineUrl = `/api/klines?symbol=${symbol}&interval=${interval}&limit=${limit}&exchange=${exchange}`
 
       const result = await httpClient.get(klineUrl)
@@ -121,10 +122,10 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
 
       const data = result.data
 
-      // 转换后端数据格式到 lightweight-charts 格式
+      // Convert backend data format to lightweight-charts format
-      // 后端返回的是 market.Kline 格式: {OpenTime, Open, High, Low, Close, Volume, ...}
+      // Backend returns market.Kline format: {OpenTime, Open, High, Low, Close, Volume, ...}
       return data.map((candle: any) => ({
-        time: Math.floor(candle.openTime / 1000) as UTCTimestamp, // 毫秒转秒
+        time: Math.floor(candle.openTime / 1000) as UTCTimestamp, // ms to seconds
         open: candle.open,
         high: candle.high,
         low: candle.low,
@@ -137,10 +138,10 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
     }
   }
 
-  // 获取订单数据
+  // Fetch order data
   const fetchOrders = async (traderID: string, symbol: string): Promise<OrderMarker[]> => {
     try {
-      // 从后端 API 获取该 trader 的订单记录（只获取已成交的订单）
+      // Fetch filled orders for this trader from backend API
       const result = await httpClient.get(`/api/orders?trader_id=${traderID}&symbol=${symbol}&status=FILLED&limit=50`)
 
       if (!result.success || !result.data) {
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
       const orders = result.data
       const markers: OrderMarker[] = []
 
-      // 转换订单数据为标记格式
+      // Convert order data to marker format
       orders.forEach((order: any) => {
         const createdAt = order.created_at || order.CreatedAt
         const filledAt = order.filled_at || order.FilledAt
@@ -162,14 +163,14 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
         const status = order.status || order.Status
         const symbol = order.symbol || order.Symbol
 
-        // 使用成交时间（如果有）或创建时间
+        // Use fill time (if available) or creation time
         const orderTime = filledAt || createdAt
         if (!orderTime) return
 
         const timeSeconds = parseCustomTime(orderTime)
         if (timeSeconds === 0) return
 
-        // 使用平均成交价（如果有）或订单价格
+        // Use average fill price (if available) or order price
         const orderPrice = avgPrice || price
         if (!orderPrice || orderPrice === 0) return
 
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
     }
   }
 
-  // 初始化图表
+  // Initialize chart
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!chartContainerRef.current) {
       console.error('[ChartWithOrders] Container ref is null')
@@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
     console.log('[ChartWithOrders] Initializing chart for', symbol, interval)
 
     try {
-      // 创建图表
+      // Create chart
       const chart = createChart(chartContainerRef.current, {
       width: chartContainerRef.current.clientWidth,
       height: height,
@@ -240,7 +241,7 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
 
     chartRef.current = chart
 
-    // 创建K线系列 (使用 v5 API)
+    // Create candlestick series (using v5 API)
     const candlestickSeries = chart.addSeries(CandlestickSeries, {
       upColor: '#0ECB81',
       downColor: '#F6465D',
@@ -252,7 +253,7 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
 
     candlestickSeriesRef.current = candlestickSeries as any
 
-    // 响应式调整
+    // Responsive resize
     const handleResize = () => {
       if (chartContainerRef.current && chartRef.current) {
         chartRef.current.applyOptions({
@@ -263,7 +264,7 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
 
       window.addEventListener('resize', handleResize)
 
-      // 监听鼠标移动，显示 OHLC 信息
+      // Listen for crosshair movement to show OHLC info
       chart.subscribeCrosshairMove((param) => {
         if (!param.time || !param.point || !candlestickSeriesRef.current) {
           setTooltipData(null)
@@ -298,7 +299,7 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
     }
   }, [height])
 
-  // 加载数据
+  // Load data
   useEffect(() => {
     const loadData = async () => {
       if (!candlestickSeriesRef.current) {
@@ -311,22 +312,22 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
       setError(null)
 
       try {
-        // 1. 获取K线数据
+        // 1. Fetch kline data
         console.log('[ChartWithOrders] Fetching kline data...')
         const klineData = await fetchKlineData(symbol, interval)
         console.log('[ChartWithOrders] Kline data received:', klineData.length, 'candles')
         candlestickSeriesRef.current.setData(klineData)
 
-        // 构建 K 线时间集合，用于快速查找
+        // Build kline time set for quick lookup
         const klineTimeSet = new Set(klineData.map(k => k.time as number))
         const klineMinTime = klineData.length > 0 ? klineData[0].time : 0
         const klineMaxTime = klineData.length > 0 ? klineData[klineData.length - 1].time : 0
         console.log('[ChartWithOrders] Kline time range:', klineMinTime, '-', klineMaxTime, 'candles:', klineData.length)
 
-        // 计算时间周期的秒数
+        // Calculate interval in seconds
         const getIntervalSeconds = (interval: string): number => {
           const match = interval.match(/(\d+)([smhd])/)
-          if (!match) return 60 // 默认1分钟
+          if (!match) return 60 // Default 1 minute
           const [, num, unit] = match
           const n = parseInt(num)
           switch (unit) {
@@ -340,7 +341,7 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
         const intervalSeconds = getIntervalSeconds(interval)
         console.log('[ChartWithOrders] Interval:', interval, '=', intervalSeconds, 'seconds')
 
-        // 2. 获取订单数据并添加标记
+        // 2. Fetch order data and add markers
         if (traderID) {
           console.log('[ChartWithOrders] Fetching orders for trader:', traderID, 'symbol:', symbol)
           const orders = await fetchOrders(traderID, symbol)
@@ -350,7 +351,7 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
             console.log('[ChartWithOrders] No orders to display')
           }
 
-          // 转换订单为图表标记，并对齐到 K 线时间
+          // Convert orders to chart markers, aligned to kline time
           const markers: Array<{
             time: Time
             position: 'belowBar'
@@ -362,10 +363,10 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
           }> = []
 
           orders.forEach((order) => {
-            // 将订单时间对齐到 K 线周期（向下取整）
+            // Align order time to kline interval (floor)
             const alignedTime = Math.floor(order.time / intervalSeconds) * intervalSeconds
 
-            // 检查对齐后的时间是否在 K 线数据中存在
+            // Check if aligned time exists in kline data
             if (!klineTimeSet.has(alignedTime)) {
               console.warn('[ChartWithOrders] ⚠️ Skipping order - no matching kline:',
                 order.time, '→', alignedTime, '(', new Date(order.time * 1000).toISOString(), ')')
@@ -389,12 +390,12 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
           console.log('[ChartWithOrders] Setting', markers.length, 'markers on chart')
 
           try {
-            // 使用 v5 API: createSeriesMarkers
+            // Using v5 API: createSeriesMarkers
             if (seriesMarkersRef.current) {
-              // 如果已经存在，更新标记
+              // If already exists, update markers
               seriesMarkersRef.current.setMarkers(markers)
             } else {
-              // 首次创建标记
+              // First time creating markers
               seriesMarkersRef.current = createSeriesMarkers(candlestickSeriesRef.current, markers)
             }
             console.log('[ChartWithOrders] ✅ Markers set successfully!')
@@ -403,23 +404,23 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
           }
         }
 
-        // 自动适配视图
+        // Auto-fit view
         chartRef.current?.timeScale().fitContent()
 
         setLoading(false)
       } catch (err) {
         console.error('Error loading chart data:', err)
-        setError(language === 'zh' ? '加载图表数据失败' : 'Failed to load chart data')
+        setError(t('chartWithOrders.failedToLoad', language))
         setLoading(false)
       }
     }
 
     loadData()
 
-    // 自动刷新 - 每30秒更新一次K线数据
+    // Auto-refresh - update kline data every 30 seconds
     const refreshInterval = setInterval(() => {
       loadData()
-    }, 30000) // 30秒
+    }, 30000) // 30 seconds
 
     return () => {
       clearInterval(refreshInterval)
@@ -428,7 +429,7 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
 
   return (
     <div className="relative" style={{ background: '#0B0E11', borderRadius: '8px', overflow: 'hidden' }}>
-      {/* 标题栏 */}
+      {/* Title bar */}
       <div className="flex items-center justify-between p-4" style={{ borderBottom: '1px solid #2B3139' }}>
         <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
           <span className="text-xl">📈</span>
@@ -438,12 +439,12 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
         </div>
         {loading && (
           <div className="text-sm" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-            {language === 'zh' ? '加载中...' : 'Loading...'}
+            {t('chartWithOrders.loading', language)}
           </div>
         )}
       </div>
 
-      {/* 图表容器 */}
+      {/* Chart container */}
       <div style={{ position: 'relative' }}>
         <div ref={chartContainerRef} />
 
@@ -498,7 +499,7 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
         )}
       </div>
 
-      {/* 错误提示 */}
+      {/* Error display */}
       {error && (
         <div
           className="absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center"
@@ -511,15 +512,15 @@ export function ChartWithOrders({
         </div>
       )}
 
-      {/* 图例说明 */}
+      {/* Legend */}
       <div className="flex items-center gap-4 p-4 text-xs" style={{ borderTop: '1px solid #2B3139', color: '#848E9C' }}>
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
           <span className="font-bold" style={{ color: '#0ECB81' }}>B</span>
-          <span>{language === 'zh' ? 'BUY (买入)' : 'BUY'}</span>
+          <span>{t('chartWithOrders.buy', language)}</span>
         </div>
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
           <span className="font-bold" style={{ color: '#F6465D' }}>S</span>
-          <span>{language === 'zh' ? 'SELL (卖出)' : 'SELL'}</span>
+          <span>{t('chartWithOrders.sell', language)}</span>
         </div>
       </div>
     </div>

web/src/components/charts/ComparisonChart.tsx

@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ import { BarChart3, TrendingUp, TrendingDown, Zap } from 'lucide-react'
 
 // Time period options: 1D, 3D, 7D, 30D, All
 const TIME_PERIODS = [
-  { key: '1d', hours: 24, label: { en: '1D', zh: '1天' } },
+  { key: '1d', hours: 24 },
-  { key: '3d', hours: 72, label: { en: '3D', zh: '3天' } },
+  { key: '3d', hours: 72 },
-  { key: '7d', hours: 168, label: { en: '7D', zh: '7天' } },
+  { key: '7d', hours: 168 },
-  { key: '30d', hours: 720, label: { en: '30D', zh: '30天' } },
+  { key: '30d', hours: 720 },
-  { key: 'all', hours: 0, label: { en: 'All', zh: '全部' } },
+  { key: 'all', hours: 0 },
-]
+] as const
 
 interface ComparisonChartProps {
   traders: CompetitionTraderData[]
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ export function ComparisonChart({ traders }: ComparisonChartProps) {
                 border: `1px solid ${selectedPeriod === period.key ? 'rgba(240, 185, 11, 0.4)' : '#2B3139'}`,
               }}
             >
-              {language === 'zh' ? period.label.zh : period.label.en}
+              {t(`comparisonChart.${period.key}`, language)}
             </button>
           ))}
         </div>

web/src/components/common/ConfirmDialog.tsx

@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ export function ConfirmDialogProvider({
   const [state, setState] = useState<ConfirmState>({
     isOpen: false,
     message: '',
-    okText: '确认',
+    okText: 'Confirm',
-    cancelText: '取消',
+    cancelText: 'Cancel',
   })
 
   const confirm = useCallback((options: ConfirmOptions): Promise<boolean> => {
@@ -68,14 +68,14 @@ export function ConfirmDialogProvider({
         isOpen: true,
         title: options.title,
         message: options.message,
-        okText: options.okText || '确认',
+        okText: options.okText || 'Confirm',
-        cancelText: options.cancelText || '取消',
+        cancelText: options.cancelText || 'Cancel',
         resolve,
       })
     })
   }, [])
 
-  // 注册全局 confirm 函数
+  // Register global confirm function
   useEffect(() => {
     setGlobalConfirm(confirm)
   }, [confirm])

web/src/components/common/MetricTooltip.tsx

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { createPortal } from 'react-dom'
 import { HelpCircle } from 'lucide-react'
 import katex from 'katex'
 import 'katex/dist/katex.min.css'
+import { t } from '../../i18n/translations'
 
 export interface MetricDefinition {
   key: string
@@ -241,6 +242,7 @@ export function MetricTooltip({
 
   const name = language === 'zh' ? metric.nameZh : metric.nameEn
   const description = language === 'zh' ? metric.descriptionZh : metric.descriptionEn
+  const formulaLabel = t('metricTooltip.formula', language as 'en' | 'zh' | 'id')
 
   const tooltipContent = (
     <div
@@ -292,7 +294,7 @@ export function MetricTooltip({
           marginBottom: '12px'
         }}>
           <div style={{ fontSize: '12px', color: '#848E9C', marginBottom: '8px' }}>
-            {language === 'zh' ? '计算公式' : 'Formula'}
+            {formulaLabel}
           </div>
           <div style={{
             display: 'flex',

web/src/components/strategy/CoinSourceEditor.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useState } from 'react'
 import { Plus, X, Database, TrendingUp, TrendingDown, List, Ban, Zap, Shuffle } from 'lucide-react'
 import type { CoinSourceConfig } from '../../types'
+import { coinSource, ts } from '../../i18n/strategy-translations'
 
 interface CoinSourceEditorProps {
   config: CoinSourceConfig
@@ -18,52 +19,6 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
   const [newCoin, setNewCoin] = useState('')
   const [newExcludedCoin, setNewExcludedCoin] = useState('')
 
-  const t = (key: string) => {
-    const translations: Record<string, Record<string, string>> = {
-      sourceType: { zh: '数据来源类型', en: 'Source Type' },
-      static: { zh: '静态列表', en: 'Static List' },
-      ai500: { zh: 'AI500 数据源', en: 'AI500 Data Provider' },
-      oi_top: { zh: 'OI 持仓增加', en: 'OI Increase' },
-      oi_low: { zh: 'OI 持仓减少', en: 'OI Decrease' },
-      mixed: { zh: '混合模式', en: 'Mixed Mode' },
-      staticCoins: { zh: '自定义币种', en: 'Custom Coins' },
-      addCoin: { zh: '添加币种', en: 'Add Coin' },
-      useAI500: { zh: '启用 AI500 数据源', en: 'Enable AI500 Data Provider' },
-      ai500Limit: { zh: '数量上限', en: 'Limit' },
-      useOITop: { zh: '启用 OI 持仓增加榜', en: 'Enable OI Increase' },
-      oiTopLimit: { zh: '数量上限', en: 'Limit' },
-      useOILow: { zh: '启用 OI 持仓减少榜', en: 'Enable OI Decrease' },
-      oiLowLimit: { zh: '数量上限', en: 'Limit' },
-      staticDesc: { zh: '手动指定交易币种列表', en: 'Manually specify trading coins' },
-      ai500Desc: {
-        zh: '使用 AI500 智能筛选的热门币种',
-        en: 'Use AI500 smart-filtered popular coins',
-      },
-      oiTopDesc: {
-        zh: '持仓增加榜，适合做多',
-        en: 'OI increase ranking, for long',
-      },
-      oi_lowDesc: {
-        zh: '持仓减少榜，适合做空',
-        en: 'OI decrease ranking, for short',
-      },
-      mixedDesc: {
-        zh: '组合多种数据源',
-        en: 'Combine multiple sources',
-      },
-      mixedConfig: { zh: '组合数据源配置', en: 'Combined Sources Configuration' },
-      mixedSummary: { zh: '已选组合', en: 'Selected Sources' },
-      maxCoins: { zh: '最多', en: 'Up to' },
-      coins: { zh: '个币种', en: 'coins' },
-      dataSourceConfig: { zh: '数据源配置', en: 'Data Source Configuration' },
-      excludedCoins: { zh: '排除币种', en: 'Excluded Coins' },
-      excludedCoinsDesc: { zh: '这些币种将从所有数据源中排除，不会被交易', en: 'These coins will be excluded from all sources and will not be traded' },
-      addExcludedCoin: { zh: '添加排除', en: 'Add Excluded' },
-      nofxosNote: { zh: '使用 NofxOS API Key（在指标配置中设置）', en: 'Uses NofxOS API Key (set in Indicators config)' },
-    }
-    return translations[key]?.[language] || key
-  }
-
   const sourceTypes = [
     { value: 'static', icon: List, color: '#848E9C' },
     { value: 'ai500', icon: Database, color: '#F0B90B' },
@@ -82,15 +37,15 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
       totalLimit += config.ai500_limit || 10
     }
     if (config.use_oi_top) {
-      sources.push(`${language === 'zh' ? 'OI增' : 'OI↑'}(${config.oi_top_limit || 10})`)
+      sources.push(`${ts(coinSource.oiIncreaseShort, language)}(${config.oi_top_limit || 10})`)
       totalLimit += config.oi_top_limit || 10
     }
     if (config.use_oi_low) {
-      sources.push(`${language === 'zh' ? 'OI减' : 'OI↓'}(${config.oi_low_limit || 10})`)
+      sources.push(`${ts(coinSource.oiDecreaseShort, language)}(${config.oi_low_limit || 10})`)
       totalLimit += config.oi_low_limit || 10
     }
     if ((config.static_coins || []).length > 0) {
-      sources.push(`${language === 'zh' ? '自定义' : 'Custom'}(${config.static_coins?.length || 0})`)
+      sources.push(`${ts(coinSource.custom, language)}(${config.static_coins?.length || 0})`)
       totalLimit += config.static_coins?.length || 0
     }
 
@@ -191,7 +146,7 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
       {/* Source Type Selector */}
       <div>
         <label className="block text-sm font-medium mb-3 text-nofx-text">
-          {t('sourceType')}
+          {ts(coinSource.sourceType, language)}
         </label>
         <div className="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2">
           {sourceTypes.map(({ value, icon: Icon, color }) => (
@@ -209,10 +164,10 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
             >
               <Icon className="w-6 h-6 mx-auto mb-2" style={{ color }} />
               <div className="text-sm font-medium text-nofx-text">
-                {t(value)}
+                {ts(coinSource[value as keyof typeof coinSource], language)}
               </div>
               <div className="text-xs mt-1 text-nofx-text-muted">
-                {t(`${value}Desc`)}
+                {ts(coinSource[`${value}Desc` as keyof typeof coinSource], language)}
               </div>
             </button>
           ))}
@@ -223,7 +178,7 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
       {config.source_type === 'static' && (
         <div>
           <label className="block text-sm font-medium mb-3 text-nofx-text">
-            {t('staticCoins')}
+            {ts(coinSource.staticCoins, language)}
           </label>
           <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2 mb-3">
             {(config.static_coins || []).map((coin) => (
@@ -258,7 +213,7 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
                 className="px-4 py-2 rounded-lg flex items-center gap-2 transition-colors bg-nofx-gold text-black hover:bg-yellow-500"
               >
                 <Plus className="w-4 h-4" />
-                {t('addCoin')}
+                {ts(coinSource.addCoin, language)}
               </button>
             </div>
           )}
@@ -270,11 +225,11 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-3">
           <Ban className="w-4 h-4 text-nofx-danger" />
           <label className="text-sm font-medium text-nofx-text">
-            {t('excludedCoins')}
+            {ts(coinSource.excludedCoins, language)}
           </label>
         </div>
         <p className="text-xs mb-3 text-nofx-text-muted">
-          {t('excludedCoinsDesc')}
+          {ts(coinSource.excludedCoinsDesc, language)}
         </p>
         <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2 mb-3">
           {(config.excluded_coins || []).map((coin) => (
@@ -295,7 +250,7 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
           ))}
           {(config.excluded_coins || []).length === 0 && (
             <span className="text-xs italic text-nofx-text-muted">
-              {language === 'zh' ? '无' : 'None'}
+              {ts(coinSource.excludedNone, language)}
             </span>
           )}
         </div>
@@ -314,7 +269,7 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
               className="px-4 py-2 rounded-lg flex items-center gap-2 transition-colors text-sm bg-nofx-danger text-white hover:bg-red-600"
             >
               <Ban className="w-4 h-4" />
-              {t('addExcludedCoin')}
+              {ts(coinSource.addExcludedCoin, language)}
             </button>
           </div>
         )}
@@ -329,7 +284,7 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
               <Zap className="w-4 h-4 text-nofx-gold" />
               <span className="text-sm font-medium text-nofx-text">
-                AI500 {t('dataSourceConfig')}
+                AI500 {ts(coinSource.dataSourceConfig, language)}
               </span>
               <NofxOSBadge />
             </div>
@@ -346,13 +301,13 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
                 disabled={disabled}
                 className="w-5 h-5 rounded accent-nofx-gold"
               />
-              <span className="text-nofx-text">{t('useAI500')}</span>
+              <span className="text-nofx-text">{ts(coinSource.useAI500, language)}</span>
             </label>
 
             {config.use_ai500 && (
               <div className="flex items-center gap-3 pl-8">
                 <span className="text-sm text-nofx-text-muted">
-                  {t('ai500Limit')}:
+                  {ts(coinSource.ai500Limit, language)}:
                 </span>
                 <select
                   value={config.ai500_limit || 10}
@@ -371,7 +326,7 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
             )}
 
             <p className="text-xs pl-8 text-nofx-text-muted">
-              {t('nofxosNote')}
+              {ts(coinSource.nofxosNote, language)}
             </p>
           </div>
         </div>
@@ -386,7 +341,7 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
               <TrendingUp className="w-4 h-4 text-nofx-success" />
               <span className="text-sm font-medium text-nofx-text">
-                OI {language === 'zh' ? '持仓增加榜' : 'Increase'} {t('dataSourceConfig')}
+                {ts(coinSource.oiIncreaseTitle, language)} {ts(coinSource.dataSourceConfig, language)}
               </span>
               <NofxOSBadge />
             </div>
@@ -403,13 +358,13 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
                 disabled={disabled}
                 className="w-5 h-5 rounded accent-nofx-success"
               />
-              <span className="text-nofx-text">{t('useOITop')}</span>
+              <span className="text-nofx-text">{ts(coinSource.useOITop, language)}</span>
             </label>
 
             {config.use_oi_top && (
               <div className="flex items-center gap-3 pl-8">
                 <span className="text-sm text-nofx-text-muted">
-                  {t('oiTopLimit')}:
+                  {ts(coinSource.oiTopLimit, language)}:
                 </span>
                 <select
                   value={config.oi_top_limit || 10}
@@ -428,7 +383,7 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
             )}
 
             <p className="text-xs pl-8 text-nofx-text-muted">
-              {t('nofxosNote')}
+              {ts(coinSource.nofxosNote, language)}
             </p>
           </div>
         </div>
@@ -443,7 +398,7 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
               <TrendingDown className="w-4 h-4 text-nofx-danger" />
               <span className="text-sm font-medium text-nofx-text">
-                OI {language === 'zh' ? '持仓减少榜' : 'Decrease'} {t('dataSourceConfig')}
+                {ts(coinSource.oiDecreaseTitle, language)} {ts(coinSource.dataSourceConfig, language)}
               </span>
               <NofxOSBadge />
             </div>
@@ -460,13 +415,13 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
                 disabled={disabled}
                 className="w-5 h-5 rounded accent-red-500"
               />
-              <span className="text-nofx-text">{t('useOILow')}</span>
+              <span className="text-nofx-text">{ts(coinSource.useOILow, language)}</span>
             </label>
 
             {config.use_oi_low && (
               <div className="flex items-center gap-3 pl-8">
                 <span className="text-sm text-nofx-text-muted">
-                  {t('oiLowLimit')}:
+                  {ts(coinSource.oiLowLimit, language)}:
                 </span>
                 <select
                   value={config.oi_low_limit || 10}
@@ -485,7 +440,7 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
             )}
 
             <p className="text-xs pl-8 text-nofx-text-muted">
-              {t('nofxosNote')}
+              {ts(coinSource.nofxosNote, language)}
             </p>
           </div>
         </div>
@@ -497,7 +452,7 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
           <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-4">
             <Shuffle className="w-4 h-4 text-blue-400" />
             <span className="text-sm font-medium text-nofx-text">
-              {t('mixedConfig')}
+              {ts(coinSource.mixedConfig, language)}
             </span>
           </div>
 
@@ -566,11 +521,11 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
                 />
                 <TrendingUp className="w-4 h-4 text-nofx-success" />
                 <span className="text-sm font-medium text-nofx-text">
-                  {language === 'zh' ? 'OI 增加' : 'OI Increase'}
+                  {ts(coinSource.oiIncreaseLabel, language)}
                 </span>
               </div>
               <p className="text-xs text-nofx-text-muted pl-6 mb-1">
-                {language === 'zh' ? '适合做多' : 'For long'}
+                {ts(coinSource.forLong, language)}
               </p>
               {config.use_oi_top && (
                 <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mt-2 pl-6">
@@ -613,11 +568,11 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
                 />
                 <TrendingDown className="w-4 h-4 text-nofx-danger" />
                 <span className="text-sm font-medium text-nofx-text">
-                  {language === 'zh' ? 'OI 减少' : 'OI Decrease'}
+                  {ts(coinSource.oiDecreaseLabel, language)}
                 </span>
               </div>
               <p className="text-xs text-nofx-text-muted pl-6 mb-1">
-                {language === 'zh' ? '适合做空' : 'For short'}
+                {ts(coinSource.forShort, language)}
               </p>
               {config.use_oi_low && (
                 <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mt-2 pl-6">
@@ -651,7 +606,7 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
               <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-2">
                 <List className="w-4 h-4 text-gray-400" />
                 <span className="text-sm font-medium text-nofx-text">
-                  {language === 'zh' ? '自定义' : 'Custom'}
+                  {ts(coinSource.custom, language)}
                 </span>
                 {(config.static_coins || []).length > 0 && (
                   <span className="text-xs px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-gray-500/20 text-gray-400">
@@ -720,13 +675,13 @@ export function CoinSourceEditor({
             return (
               <div className="p-2 rounded bg-nofx-bg border border-nofx-border">
                 <div className="flex items-center justify-between text-xs">
-                  <span className="text-nofx-text-muted">{t('mixedSummary')}:</span>
+                  <span className="text-nofx-text-muted">{ts(coinSource.mixedSummary, language)}:</span>
                   <span className="text-nofx-text font-medium">
                     {sources.join(' + ')}
                   </span>
                 </div>
                 <div className="text-xs text-nofx-text-muted mt-1">
-                  {t('maxCoins')} {totalLimit} {t('coins')}
+                  {ts(coinSource.maxCoins, language)} {totalLimit} {ts(coinSource.coins, language)}
                 </div>
               </div>
             )

web/src/components/strategy/GridConfigEditor.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { Grid, DollarSign, TrendingUp, Shield, Compass } from 'lucide-react'
 import type { GridStrategyConfig } from '../../types'
+import { gridConfig, ts } from '../../i18n/strategy-translations'
 
 interface GridConfigEditorProps {
   config: GridStrategyConfig
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ interface GridConfigEditorProps {
   language: string
 }
 
-// Default grid config
+// Default grid configuration
 export const defaultGridConfig: GridStrategyConfig = {
   symbol: 'BTCUSDT',
   grid_count: 10,
@@ -33,71 +34,6 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
   disabled,
   language,
 }: GridConfigEditorProps) {
-  const t = (key: string) => {
-    const translations: Record<string, Record<string, string>> = {
-      // Section titles
-      tradingPair: { zh: '交易设置', en: 'Trading Setup' },
-      gridParameters: { zh: '网格参数', en: 'Grid Parameters' },
-      priceBounds: { zh: '价格边界', en: 'Price Bounds' },
-      riskControl: { zh: '风险控制', en: 'Risk Control' },
-
-      // Trading pair
-      symbol: { zh: '交易对', en: 'Trading Pair' },
-      symbolDesc: { zh: '选择要进行网格交易的交易对', en: 'Select trading pair for grid trading' },
-
-      // Investment
-      totalInvestment: { zh: '投资金额 (USDT)', en: 'Investment (USDT)' },
-      totalInvestmentDesc: { zh: '网格策略的总投资金额', en: 'Total investment for grid strategy' },
-      leverage: { zh: '杠杆倍数', en: 'Leverage' },
-      leverageDesc: { zh: '交易使用的杠杆倍数 (1-5)', en: 'Leverage for trading (1-5)' },
-
-      // Grid parameters
-      gridCount: { zh: '网格数量', en: 'Grid Count' },
-      gridCountDesc: { zh: '网格层级数量 (5-50)', en: 'Number of grid levels (5-50)' },
-      distribution: { zh: '资金分配方式', en: 'Distribution' },
-      distributionDesc: { zh: '网格层级的资金分配方式', en: 'Fund allocation across grid levels' },
-      uniform: { zh: '均匀分配', en: 'Uniform' },
-      gaussian: { zh: '高斯分配 (推荐)', en: 'Gaussian (Recommended)' },
-      pyramid: { zh: '金字塔分配', en: 'Pyramid' },
-
-      // Price bounds
-      useAtrBounds: { zh: '自动计算边界 (ATR)', en: 'Auto-calculate Bounds (ATR)' },
-      useAtrBoundsDesc: { zh: '基于 ATR 自动计算网格上下边界', en: 'Auto-calculate bounds based on ATR' },
-      atrMultiplier: { zh: 'ATR 倍数', en: 'ATR Multiplier' },
-      atrMultiplierDesc: { zh: '边界距离当前价格的 ATR 倍数', en: 'ATR multiplier for bounds distance' },
-      upperPrice: { zh: '上边界价格', en: 'Upper Price' },
-      upperPriceDesc: { zh: '网格上边界价格 (0=自动计算)', en: 'Grid upper bound (0=auto)' },
-      lowerPrice: { zh: '下边界价格', en: 'Lower Price' },
-      lowerPriceDesc: { zh: '网格下边界价格 (0=自动计算)', en: 'Grid lower bound (0=auto)' },
-
-      // Risk control
-      maxDrawdown: { zh: '最大回撤 (%)', en: 'Max Drawdown (%)' },
-      maxDrawdownDesc: { zh: '触发紧急退出的最大回撤百分比', en: 'Max drawdown before emergency exit' },
-      stopLoss: { zh: '止损 (%)', en: 'Stop Loss (%)' },
-      stopLossDesc: { zh: '单仓位止损百分比', en: 'Stop loss per position' },
-      dailyLossLimit: { zh: '日损失限制 (%)', en: 'Daily Loss Limit (%)' },
-      dailyLossLimitDesc: { zh: '每日最大亏损百分比', en: 'Maximum daily loss percentage' },
-      useMakerOnly: { zh: '仅使用 Maker 订单', en: 'Maker Only Orders' },
-      useMakerOnlyDesc: { zh: '使用限价单以降低手续费', en: 'Use limit orders for lower fees' },
-
-      // Direction adjustment
-      directionAdjust: { zh: '方向自动调整', en: 'Direction Auto-Adjust' },
-      enableDirectionAdjust: { zh: '启用方向调整', en: 'Enable Direction Adjust' },
-      enableDirectionAdjustDesc: { zh: '根据箱体突破自动调整网格方向', en: 'Auto-adjust grid direction based on box breakouts' },
-      directionBiasRatio: { zh: '偏向强度', en: 'Bias Strength' },
-      directionBiasRatioDesc: { zh: '偏多/偏空模式的强度', en: 'Strength for long_bias/short_bias modes' },
-      directionBiasExplain: { zh: '偏多模式：X%买 + (100-X)%卖 | 偏空模式：(100-X)%买 + X%卖', en: 'Long bias: X% buy + (100-X)% sell | Short bias: (100-X)% buy + X% sell' },
-      directionExplain: { zh: '短期箱体突破 → 偏向，中期箱体突破 → 全仓，价格回归 → 逐步恢复中性', en: 'Short box breakout → bias, Mid box breakout → full, Price return → gradually recover to neutral' },
-      directionModes: { zh: '方向模式说明', en: 'Direction Modes' },
-      modeNeutral: { zh: '中性：50%买 + 50%卖（默认）', en: 'Neutral: 50% buy + 50% sell (default)' },
-      modeLongBias: { zh: '偏多：X%买 + (100-X)%卖', en: 'Long Bias: X% buy + (100-X)% sell' },
-      modeLong: { zh: '全多：100%买 + 0%卖', en: 'Long: 100% buy + 0% sell' },
-      modeShortBias: { zh: '偏空：(100-X)%买 + X%卖', en: 'Short Bias: (100-X)% buy + X% sell' },
-      modeShort: { zh: '全空：0%买 + 100%卖', en: 'Short: 0% buy + 100% sell' },
-    }
-    return translations[key]?.[language] || key
-  }
-
   const updateField = <K extends keyof GridStrategyConfig>(
     key: K,
     value: GridStrategyConfig[K]
@@ -125,7 +61,7 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-4">
           <DollarSign className="w-5 h-5" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
           <h3 className="font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-            {t('tradingPair')}
+            {ts(gridConfig.tradingPair, language)}
           </h3>
         </div>
 
@@ -133,10 +69,10 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
           {/* Symbol */}
           <div className="p-4 rounded-lg" style={sectionStyle}>
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('symbol')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.symbol, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('symbolDesc')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.symbolDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <select
               value={config.symbol}
@@ -157,10 +93,10 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
           {/* Investment */}
           <div className="p-4 rounded-lg" style={sectionStyle}>
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('totalInvestment')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.totalInvestment, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('totalInvestmentDesc')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.totalInvestmentDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <input
               type="number"
@@ -177,10 +113,10 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
           {/* Leverage */}
           <div className="p-4 rounded-lg" style={sectionStyle}>
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('leverage')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.leverage, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('leverageDesc')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.leverageDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <input
               type="number"
@@ -201,7 +137,7 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-4">
           <Grid className="w-5 h-5" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
           <h3 className="font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-            {t('gridParameters')}
+            {ts(gridConfig.gridParameters, language)}
           </h3>
         </div>
 
@@ -209,10 +145,10 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
           {/* Grid Count */}
           <div className="p-4 rounded-lg" style={sectionStyle}>
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('gridCount')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.gridCount, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('gridCountDesc')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.gridCountDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <input
               type="number"
@@ -229,10 +165,10 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
           {/* Distribution */}
           <div className="p-4 rounded-lg" style={sectionStyle}>
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('distribution')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.distribution, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('distributionDesc')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.distributionDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <select
               value={config.distribution}
@@ -241,9 +177,9 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
               className="w-full px-3 py-2 rounded"
               style={inputStyle}
             >
-              <option value="uniform">{t('uniform')}</option>
+              <option value="uniform">{ts(gridConfig.uniform, language)}</option>
-              <option value="gaussian">{t('gaussian')}</option>
+              <option value="gaussian">{ts(gridConfig.gaussian, language)}</option>
-              <option value="pyramid">{t('pyramid')}</option>
+              <option value="pyramid">{ts(gridConfig.pyramid, language)}</option>
             </select>
           </div>
         </div>
@@ -254,7 +190,7 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-4">
           <TrendingUp className="w-5 h-5" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
           <h3 className="font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-            {t('priceBounds')}
+            {ts(gridConfig.priceBounds, language)}
           </h3>
         </div>
 
@@ -263,10 +199,10 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
           <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
             <div>
               <label className="block text-sm" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-                {t('useAtrBounds')}
+                {ts(gridConfig.useAtrBounds, language)}
               </label>
               <p className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                {t('useAtrBoundsDesc')}
+                {ts(gridConfig.useAtrBoundsDesc, language)}
               </p>
             </div>
             <label className="relative inline-flex items-center cursor-pointer">
@@ -285,10 +221,10 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
         {config.use_atr_bounds ? (
           <div className="p-4 rounded-lg" style={sectionStyle}>
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('atrMultiplier')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.atrMultiplier, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('atrMultiplierDesc')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.atrMultiplierDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <input
               type="number"
@@ -306,10 +242,10 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
           <div className="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4">
             <div className="p-4 rounded-lg" style={sectionStyle}>
               <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-                {t('upperPrice')}
+                {ts(gridConfig.upperPrice, language)}
               </label>
               <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                {t('upperPriceDesc')}
+                {ts(gridConfig.upperPriceDesc, language)}
               </p>
               <input
                 type="number"
@@ -324,10 +260,10 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
             </div>
             <div className="p-4 rounded-lg" style={sectionStyle}>
               <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-                {t('lowerPrice')}
+                {ts(gridConfig.lowerPrice, language)}
               </label>
               <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                {t('lowerPriceDesc')}
+                {ts(gridConfig.lowerPriceDesc, language)}
               </p>
               <input
                 type="number"
@@ -349,17 +285,17 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-4">
           <Shield className="w-5 h-5" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
           <h3 className="font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-            {t('riskControl')}
+            {ts(gridConfig.riskControl, language)}
           </h3>
         </div>
 
         <div className="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-3 gap-4 mb-4">
           <div className="p-4 rounded-lg" style={sectionStyle}>
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('maxDrawdown')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.maxDrawdown, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('maxDrawdownDesc')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.maxDrawdownDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <input
               type="number"
@@ -375,10 +311,10 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
 
           <div className="p-4 rounded-lg" style={sectionStyle}>
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('stopLoss')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.stopLoss, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('stopLossDesc')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.stopLossDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <input
               type="number"
@@ -394,10 +330,10 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
 
           <div className="p-4 rounded-lg" style={sectionStyle}>
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('dailyLossLimit')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.dailyLossLimit, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('dailyLossLimitDesc')}
+              {ts(gridConfig.dailyLossLimitDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <input
               type="number"
@@ -417,10 +353,10 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
           <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
             <div>
               <label className="block text-sm" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-                {t('useMakerOnly')}
+                {ts(gridConfig.useMakerOnly, language)}
               </label>
               <p className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                {t('useMakerOnlyDesc')}
+                {ts(gridConfig.useMakerOnlyDesc, language)}
               </p>
             </div>
             <label className="relative inline-flex items-center cursor-pointer">
@@ -442,7 +378,7 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-4">
           <Compass className="w-5 h-5" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
           <h3 className="font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-            {t('directionAdjust')}
+            {ts(gridConfig.directionAdjust, language)}
           </h3>
         </div>
 
@@ -451,10 +387,10 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
           <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
             <div>
               <label className="block text-sm" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-                {t('enableDirectionAdjust')}
+                {ts(gridConfig.enableDirectionAdjust, language)}
               </label>
               <p className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                {t('enableDirectionAdjustDesc')}
+                {ts(gridConfig.enableDirectionAdjustDesc, language)}
               </p>
             </div>
             <label className="relative inline-flex items-center cursor-pointer">
@@ -475,30 +411,30 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
             {/* Direction Modes Explanation */}
             <div className="p-4 rounded-lg mb-4" style={{ background: '#1E2329', border: '1px solid #F0B90B33' }}>
               <p className="text-xs font-medium mb-2" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }}>
-                📊 {t('directionModes')}
+                📊 {ts(gridConfig.directionModes, language)}
               </p>
               <div className="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-2 text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                <div>• {t('modeNeutral')}</div>
+                <div>• {ts(gridConfig.modeNeutral, language)}</div>
-                <div>• <span style={{ color: '#0ECB81' }}>{t('modeLongBias')}</span></div>
+                <div>• <span style={{ color: '#0ECB81' }}>{ts(gridConfig.modeLongBias, language)}</span></div>
-                <div>• <span style={{ color: '#0ECB81' }}>{t('modeLong')}</span></div>
+                <div>• <span style={{ color: '#0ECB81' }}>{ts(gridConfig.modeLong, language)}</span></div>
-                <div>• <span style={{ color: '#F6465D' }}>{t('modeShortBias')}</span></div>
+                <div>• <span style={{ color: '#F6465D' }}>{ts(gridConfig.modeShortBias, language)}</span></div>
-                <div>• <span style={{ color: '#F6465D' }}>{t('modeShort')}</span></div>
+                <div>• <span style={{ color: '#F6465D' }}>{ts(gridConfig.modeShort, language)}</span></div>
               </div>
               <p className="text-xs mt-3 pt-2 border-t border-zinc-700" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                💡 {t('directionExplain')}
+                💡 {ts(gridConfig.directionExplain, language)}
               </p>
             </div>
 
             {/* Bias Strength */}
             <div className="p-4 rounded-lg" style={sectionStyle}>
               <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-                {t('directionBiasRatio')} (X)
+                {ts(gridConfig.directionBiasRatio, language)} (X)
               </label>
               <p className="text-xs mb-1" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                {t('directionBiasRatioDesc')}
+                {ts(gridConfig.directionBiasRatioDesc, language)}
               </p>
               <p className="text-xs mb-3" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }}>
-                {t('directionBiasExplain')}
+                {ts(gridConfig.directionBiasExplain, language)}
               </p>
               <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
                 <input
@@ -518,12 +454,12 @@ export function GridConfigEditor({
               </div>
               <div className="mt-2 grid grid-cols-2 gap-2 text-xs">
                 <div className="p-2 rounded" style={{ background: '#0ECB8115', border: '1px solid #0ECB8130' }}>
-                  <span style={{ color: '#0ECB81' }}>偏多/Long Bias: </span>
+                  <span style={{ color: '#0ECB81' }}>Long Bias: </span>
-                  <span style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{Math.round((config.direction_bias_ratio ?? 0.7) * 100)}% 买 + {Math.round((1 - (config.direction_bias_ratio ?? 0.7)) * 100)}% 卖</span>
+                  <span style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{Math.round((config.direction_bias_ratio ?? 0.7) * 100)}% {ts(gridConfig.buy, language)} + {Math.round((1 - (config.direction_bias_ratio ?? 0.7)) * 100)}% {ts(gridConfig.sell, language)}</span>
                 </div>
                 <div className="p-2 rounded" style={{ background: '#F6465D15', border: '1px solid #F6465D30' }}>
-                  <span style={{ color: '#F6465D' }}>偏空/Short Bias: </span>
+                  <span style={{ color: '#F6465D' }}>Short Bias: </span>
-                  <span style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{Math.round((1 - (config.direction_bias_ratio ?? 0.7)) * 100)}% 买 + {Math.round((config.direction_bias_ratio ?? 0.7) * 100)}% 卖</span>
+                  <span style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{Math.round((1 - (config.direction_bias_ratio ?? 0.7)) * 100)}% {ts(gridConfig.buy, language)} + {Math.round((config.direction_bias_ratio ?? 0.7) * 100)}% {ts(gridConfig.sell, language)}</span>
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>

web/src/components/strategy/GridRiskPanel.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useState, useEffect, useCallback } from 'react'
 import { Shield, TrendingUp, AlertTriangle, Activity, Box, ChevronDown, ChevronUp } from 'lucide-react'
 import type { GridRiskInfo } from '../../types'
+import { gridRisk, ts } from '../../i18n/strategy-translations'
 
 interface GridRiskPanelProps {
   traderId: string
@@ -18,66 +19,6 @@ export function GridRiskPanel({
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null)
   const [expanded, setExpanded] = useState(false)
 
-  const t = (key: string) => {
-    const translations: Record<string, Record<string, string>> = {
-      // Section titles
-      gridRisk: { zh: '网格风控', en: 'Grid Risk' },
-      leverageInfo: { zh: '杠杆', en: 'Leverage' },
-      positionInfo: { zh: '仓位', en: 'Position' },
-      liquidationInfo: { zh: '清算', en: 'Liquidation' },
-      marketState: { zh: '市场', en: 'Market' },
-      boxState: { zh: '箱体', en: 'Box' },
-
-      // Leverage
-      currentLeverage: { zh: '当前', en: 'Current' },
-      effectiveLeverage: { zh: '有效', en: 'Effective' },
-      recommendedLeverage: { zh: '建议', en: 'Recommend' },
-
-      // Position
-      currentPosition: { zh: '当前', en: 'Current' },
-      maxPosition: { zh: '最大', en: 'Max' },
-      positionPercent: { zh: '占比', en: 'Usage' },
-
-      // Liquidation
-      liquidationPrice: { zh: '清算价', en: 'Liq Price' },
-      liquidationDistance: { zh: '距离', en: 'Distance' },
-
-      // Market
-      regimeLevel: { zh: '波动', en: 'Regime' },
-      currentPrice: { zh: '价格', en: 'Price' },
-      breakoutLevel: { zh: '突破', en: 'Breakout' },
-      breakoutDirection: { zh: '方向', en: 'Direction' },
-
-      // Box
-      shortBox: { zh: '短期', en: 'Short' },
-      midBox: { zh: '中期', en: 'Mid' },
-      longBox: { zh: '长期', en: 'Long' },
-
-      // Regime levels
-      narrow: { zh: '窄幅', en: 'Narrow' },
-      standard: { zh: '标准', en: 'Standard' },
-      wide: { zh: '宽幅', en: 'Wide' },
-      volatile: { zh: '剧烈', en: 'Volatile' },
-      trending: { zh: '趋势', en: 'Trending' },
-
-      // Breakout levels
-      none: { zh: '无', en: 'None' },
-      short: { zh: '短期', en: 'Short' },
-      mid: { zh: '中期', en: 'Mid' },
-      long: { zh: '长期', en: 'Long' },
-
-      // Directions
-      up: { zh: '↑', en: '↑' },
-      down: { zh: '↓', en: '↓' },
-
-      // Status
-      loading: { zh: '加载中...', en: 'Loading...' },
-      error: { zh: '加载失败', en: 'Load Failed' },
-      noData: { zh: '暂无数据', en: 'No Data' },
-    }
-    return translations[key]?.[language] || key
-  }
-
   const fetchRiskInfo = useCallback(async () => {
     try {
       const token = localStorage.getItem('auth_token')
@@ -153,7 +94,7 @@ export function GridRiskPanel({
   if (loading) {
     return (
       <div className="p-3 text-center text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-        {t('loading')}
+        {ts(gridRisk.loading, language)}
       </div>
     )
   }
@@ -161,7 +102,7 @@ export function GridRiskPanel({
   if (error) {
     return (
       <div className="p-3 text-center text-xs" style={{ color: '#F6465D' }}>
-        {t('error')}: {error}
+        {ts(gridRisk.error, language)}: {error}
       </div>
     )
   }
@@ -169,7 +110,7 @@ export function GridRiskPanel({
   if (!riskInfo) {
     return (
       <div className="p-3 text-center text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-        {t('noData')}
+        {ts(gridRisk.noData, language)}
       </div>
     )
   }
@@ -184,7 +125,7 @@ export function GridRiskPanel({
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
           <Shield className="w-4 h-4" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
           <span className="font-medium text-sm" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-            {t('gridRisk')}
+            {ts(gridRisk.gridRisk, language)}
           </span>
         </div>
         <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
@@ -194,7 +135,7 @@ export function GridRiskPanel({
               className="px-2 py-0.5 rounded"
               style={{ background: getRegimeColor(riskInfo.regime_level) + '20', color: getRegimeColor(riskInfo.regime_level) }}
             >
-              {t(riskInfo.regime_level || 'standard')}
+              {ts(gridRisk[(riskInfo.regime_level || 'standard') as keyof typeof gridRisk], language)}
             </span>
             <span className="font-mono" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
               {riskInfo.effective_leverage.toFixed(1)}x
@@ -223,19 +164,19 @@ export function GridRiskPanel({
             <div className="p-2 rounded" style={{ background: '#1E2329' }}>
               <div className="flex items-center gap-1 mb-2">
                 <TrendingUp className="w-3 h-3" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
-                <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>{t('leverageInfo')}</span>
+                <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>{ts(gridRisk.leverageInfo, language)}</span>
               </div>
               <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-1 text-xs">
                 <div>
-                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('currentLeverage')}</div>
+                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(gridRisk.currentLeverage, language)}</div>
                   <div className="font-mono" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{riskInfo.current_leverage}x</div>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('effectiveLeverage')}</div>
+                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(gridRisk.effectiveLeverage, language)}</div>
                   <div className="font-mono" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }}>{riskInfo.effective_leverage.toFixed(2)}x</div>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('recommendedLeverage')}</div>
+                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(gridRisk.recommendedLeverage, language)}</div>
                   <div
                     className="font-mono"
                     style={{ color: riskInfo.current_leverage > riskInfo.recommended_leverage ? '#F6465D' : '#0ECB81' }}
@@ -250,19 +191,19 @@ export function GridRiskPanel({
             <div className="p-2 rounded" style={{ background: '#1E2329' }}>
               <div className="flex items-center gap-1 mb-2">
                 <Activity className="w-3 h-3" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
-                <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>{t('positionInfo')}</span>
+                <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>{ts(gridRisk.positionInfo, language)}</span>
               </div>
               <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-1 text-xs">
                 <div>
-                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('currentPosition')}</div>
+                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(gridRisk.currentPosition, language)}</div>
                   <div className="font-mono" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{formatUSD(riskInfo.current_position)}</div>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('maxPosition')}</div>
+                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(gridRisk.maxPosition, language)}</div>
                   <div className="font-mono" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{formatUSD(riskInfo.max_position)}</div>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('positionPercent')}</div>
+                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(gridRisk.positionPercent, language)}</div>
                   <div className="font-mono" style={{ color: getPositionColor(riskInfo.position_percent) }}>
                     {riskInfo.position_percent.toFixed(1)}%
                   </div>
@@ -284,32 +225,32 @@ export function GridRiskPanel({
             <div className="p-2 rounded" style={{ background: '#1E2329' }}>
               <div className="flex items-center gap-1 mb-2">
                 <Shield className="w-3 h-3" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
-                <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>{t('marketState')}</span>
+                <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>{ts(gridRisk.marketState, language)}</span>
               </div>
               <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-2 text-xs">
                 <div>
-                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('regimeLevel')}</div>
+                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(gridRisk.regimeLevel, language)}</div>
                   <div className="font-medium" style={{ color: getRegimeColor(riskInfo.regime_level) }}>
-                    {t(riskInfo.regime_level || 'standard')}
+                    {ts(gridRisk[(riskInfo.regime_level || 'standard') as keyof typeof gridRisk], language)}
                   </div>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('currentPrice')}</div>
+                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(gridRisk.currentPrice, language)}</div>
                   <div className="font-mono" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{formatPrice(riskInfo.current_price)}</div>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('breakoutLevel')}</div>
+                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(gridRisk.breakoutLevel, language)}</div>
                   <div className="font-medium" style={{ color: getBreakoutColor(riskInfo.breakout_level) }}>
-                    {t(riskInfo.breakout_level || 'none')}
+                    {ts(gridRisk[(riskInfo.breakout_level || 'none') as keyof typeof gridRisk], language)}
                   </div>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('breakoutDirection')}</div>
+                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(gridRisk.breakoutDirection, language)}</div>
                   <div
                     className="font-medium"
                     style={{ color: riskInfo.breakout_direction === 'up' ? '#0ECB81' : riskInfo.breakout_direction === 'down' ? '#F6465D' : '#848E9C' }}
                   >
-                    {riskInfo.breakout_direction ? t(riskInfo.breakout_direction) : '-'}
+                    {riskInfo.breakout_direction ? ts(gridRisk[riskInfo.breakout_direction as keyof typeof gridRisk], language) : '-'}
                   </div>
                 </div>
               </div>
@@ -319,17 +260,17 @@ export function GridRiskPanel({
             <div className="p-2 rounded" style={{ background: '#1E2329' }}>
               <div className="flex items-center gap-1 mb-2">
                 <AlertTriangle className="w-3 h-3" style={{ color: '#F6465D' }} />
-                <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>{t('liquidationInfo')}</span>
+                <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>{ts(gridRisk.liquidationInfo, language)}</span>
               </div>
               <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-2 text-xs">
                 <div>
-                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('liquidationPrice')}</div>
+                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(gridRisk.liquidationPrice, language)}</div>
                   <div className="font-mono" style={{ color: '#F6465D' }}>
                     {riskInfo.liquidation_price > 0 ? formatPrice(riskInfo.liquidation_price) : '-'}
                   </div>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('liquidationDistance')}</div>
+                  <div style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(gridRisk.liquidationDistance, language)}</div>
                   <div className="font-mono" style={{ color: '#F6465D' }}>
                     {riskInfo.liquidation_distance > 0 ? `${riskInfo.liquidation_distance.toFixed(1)}%` : '-'}
                   </div>
@@ -342,23 +283,23 @@ export function GridRiskPanel({
           <div className="p-2 rounded" style={{ background: '#1E2329' }}>
             <div className="flex items-center gap-1 mb-2">
               <Box className="w-3 h-3" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
-              <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>{t('boxState')}</span>
+              <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>{ts(gridRisk.boxState, language)}</span>
             </div>
             <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-2 text-xs">
               <div className="flex justify-between">
-                <span style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('shortBox')}</span>
+                <span style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(gridRisk.shortBox, language)}</span>
                 <span className="font-mono" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
                   {formatPrice(riskInfo.short_box_lower)} - {formatPrice(riskInfo.short_box_upper)}
                 </span>
               </div>
               <div className="flex justify-between">
-                <span style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('midBox')}</span>
+                <span style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(gridRisk.midBox, language)}</span>
                 <span className="font-mono" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
                   {formatPrice(riskInfo.mid_box_lower)} - {formatPrice(riskInfo.mid_box_upper)}
                 </span>
               </div>
               <div className="flex justify-between">
-                <span style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('longBox')}</span>
+                <span style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(gridRisk.longBox, language)}</span>
                 <span className="font-mono" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
                   {formatPrice(riskInfo.long_box_lower)} - {formatPrice(riskInfo.long_box_upper)}
                 </span>

web/src/components/strategy/IndicatorEditor.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { Clock, Activity, TrendingUp, BarChart2, Info, Lock, ExternalLink, Zap, Check, AlertCircle, Key } from 'lucide-react'
 import type { IndicatorConfig } from '../../types'
+import { indicator, ts } from '../../i18n/strategy-translations'
 
 // Default NofxOS API Key
 const DEFAULT_NOFXOS_API_KEY = 'cm_568c67eae410d912c54c'
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ interface IndicatorEditorProps {
   language: string
 }
 
-// 所有可用时间周期
+// All available timeframes
 const allTimeframes = [
   { value: '1m', label: '1m', category: 'scalp' },
   { value: '3m', label: '3m', category: 'scalp' },
@@ -35,92 +36,10 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
   disabled,
   language,
 }: IndicatorEditorProps) {
-  const t = (key: string) => {
+  // Get currently selected timeframes
-    const translations: Record<string, Record<string, string>> = {
-      // Section titles
-      marketData: { zh: '市场数据', en: 'Market Data' },
-      marketDataDesc: { zh: 'AI 分析所需的核心价格数据', en: 'Core price data for AI analysis' },
-      technicalIndicators: { zh: '技术指标', en: 'Technical Indicators' },
-      technicalIndicatorsDesc: { zh: '可选的技术分析指标，AI 可自行计算', en: 'Optional indicators, AI can calculate them' },
-      marketSentiment: { zh: '市场情绪', en: 'Market Sentiment' },
-      marketSentimentDesc: { zh: '持仓量、资金费率等市场情绪数据', en: 'OI, funding rate and market sentiment data' },
-      quantData: { zh: '量化数据', en: 'Quant Data' },
-      quantDataDesc: { zh: '资金流向、大户动向', en: 'Netflow, whale movements' },
-
-      // Timeframes
-      timeframes: { zh: '时间周期', en: 'Timeframes' },
-      timeframesDesc: { zh: '选择 K 线分析周期，★ 为主周期（双击设置）', en: 'Select K-line timeframes, ★ = primary (double-click)' },
-      klineCount: { zh: 'K 线数量', en: 'K-line Count' },
-      scalp: { zh: '超短', en: 'Scalp' },
-      intraday: { zh: '日内', en: 'Intraday' },
-      swing: { zh: '波段', en: 'Swing' },
-      position: { zh: '趋势', en: 'Position' },
-
-      // Data types
-      rawKlines: { zh: 'OHLCV 原始 K 线', en: 'Raw OHLCV K-lines' },
-      rawKlinesDesc: { zh: '必须 - 开高低收量原始数据，AI 核心分析依据', en: 'Required - Open/High/Low/Close/Volume data for AI' },
-      required: { zh: '必须', en: 'Required' },
-
-      // Indicators
-      ema: { zh: 'EMA 均线', en: 'EMA' },
-      emaDesc: { zh: '指数移动平均线', en: 'Exponential Moving Average' },
-      macd: { zh: 'MACD', en: 'MACD' },
-      macdDesc: { zh: '异同移动平均线', en: 'Moving Average Convergence Divergence' },
-      rsi: { zh: 'RSI', en: 'RSI' },
-      rsiDesc: { zh: '相对强弱指标', en: 'Relative Strength Index' },
-      atr: { zh: 'ATR', en: 'ATR' },
-      atrDesc: { zh: '真实波幅均值', en: 'Average True Range' },
-      boll: { zh: 'BOLL 布林带', en: 'Bollinger Bands' },
-      bollDesc: { zh: '布林带指标（上中下轨）', en: 'Upper/Middle/Lower Bands' },
-      volume: { zh: '成交量', en: 'Volume' },
-      volumeDesc: { zh: '交易量分析', en: 'Trading volume analysis' },
-      oi: { zh: '持仓量', en: 'Open Interest' },
-      oiDesc: { zh: '合约未平仓量', en: 'Futures open interest' },
-      fundingRate: { zh: '资金费率', en: 'Funding Rate' },
-      fundingRateDesc: { zh: '永续合约资金费率', en: 'Perpetual funding rate' },
-
-      // OI Ranking
-      oiRanking: { zh: 'OI 排行', en: 'OI Ranking' },
-      oiRankingDesc: { zh: '持仓量增减排行', en: 'OI change ranking' },
-      oiRankingNote: { zh: '显示持仓量增加/减少的币种排行，帮助发现资金流向', en: 'Shows coins with OI increase/decrease, helps identify capital flow' },
-
-      // NetFlow Ranking
-      netflowRanking: { zh: '资金流向', en: 'NetFlow' },
-      netflowRankingDesc: { zh: '机构/散户资金流向', en: 'Institution/retail fund flow' },
-      netflowRankingNote: { zh: '显示机构资金流入/流出排行，散户动向对比，发现聪明钱信号', en: 'Shows institution inflow/outflow ranking, retail flow comparison, Smart Money signals' },
-
-      // Price Ranking
-      priceRanking: { zh: '涨跌幅排行', en: 'Price Ranking' },
-      priceRankingDesc: { zh: '涨跌幅排行榜', en: 'Gainers/losers ranking' },
-      priceRankingNote: { zh: '显示涨幅/跌幅排行，结合资金流和持仓变化分析趋势强度', en: 'Shows top gainers/losers, combined with fund flow and OI for trend analysis' },
-      priceRankingMulti: { zh: '多周期', en: 'Multi-period' },
-
-      // Common settings
-      duration: { zh: '周期', en: 'Duration' },
-      limit: { zh: '数量', en: 'Limit' },
-
-      // Tips
-      aiCanCalculate: { zh: '💡 提示：AI 可自行计算这些指标，开启可减少 AI 计算量', en: '💡 Tip: AI can calculate these, enabling reduces AI workload' },
-
-      // NofxOS Data Provider
-      nofxosTitle: { zh: 'NofxOS 量化数据源', en: 'NofxOS Data Provider' },
-      nofxosDesc: { zh: '专业加密货币量化数据服务', en: 'Professional crypto quant data service' },
-      nofxosFeatures: { zh: 'AI500 · OI排行 · 资金流向 · 涨跌榜', en: 'AI500 · OI Ranking · Fund Flow · Price Ranking' },
-      viewApiDocs: { zh: 'API 文档', en: 'API Docs' },
-      apiKey: { zh: 'API Key', en: 'API Key' },
-      apiKeyPlaceholder: { zh: '输入 NofxOS API Key', en: 'Enter NofxOS API Key' },
-      fillDefault: { zh: '填入默认', en: 'Fill Default' },
-      connected: { zh: '已配置', en: 'Configured' },
-      notConfigured: { zh: '未配置', en: 'Not Configured' },
-      nofxosDataSources: { zh: 'NofxOS 数据源', en: 'NofxOS Data Sources' },
-    }
-    return translations[key]?.[language] || key
-  }
-
-  // 获取当前选中的时间周期
   const selectedTimeframes = config.klines.selected_timeframes || [config.klines.primary_timeframe]
 
-  // 切换时间周期选择
+  // Toggle timeframe selection
   const toggleTimeframe = (tf: string) => {
     if (disabled) return
     const current = [...selectedTimeframes]
@@ -153,7 +72,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
     }
   }
 
-  // 设置主时间周期
+  // Set primary timeframe
   const setPrimaryTimeframe = (tf: string) => {
     if (disabled) return
     onChange({
@@ -218,10 +137,10 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
               </div>
               <div>
                 <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-                  {t('nofxosTitle')}
+                  {ts(indicator.nofxosTitle, language)}
                 </h3>
                 <span className="text-[10px]" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                  {t('nofxosFeatures')}
+                  {ts(indicator.nofxosFeatures, language)}
                 </span>
               </div>
             </div>
@@ -231,12 +150,12 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
               {hasApiKey ? (
                 <span className="flex items-center gap-1 text-[10px] px-2 py-1 rounded-full" style={{ background: 'rgba(14, 203, 129, 0.15)', color: '#0ECB81' }}>
                   <Check className="w-3 h-3" />
-                  {t('connected')}
+                  {ts(indicator.connected, language)}
                 </span>
               ) : (
                 <span className="flex items-center gap-1 text-[10px] px-2 py-1 rounded-full" style={{ background: 'rgba(246, 70, 93, 0.15)', color: '#F6465D' }}>
                   <AlertCircle className="w-3 h-3" />
-                  {t('notConfigured')}
+                  {ts(indicator.notConfigured, language)}
                 </span>
               )}
               <a
@@ -250,7 +169,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                 }}
               >
                 <ExternalLink className="w-3 h-3" />
-                {t('viewApiDocs')}
+                {ts(indicator.viewApiDocs, language)}
               </a>
             </div>
           </div>
@@ -264,7 +183,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                 value={config.nofxos_api_key || ''}
                 onChange={(e) => !disabled && onChange({ ...config, nofxos_api_key: e.target.value })}
                 disabled={disabled}
-                placeholder={t('apiKeyPlaceholder')}
+                placeholder={ts(indicator.apiKeyPlaceholder, language)}
                 className="w-full pl-9 pr-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-sm font-mono"
                 style={{
                   background: 'rgba(30, 35, 41, 0.8)',
@@ -283,7 +202,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                   color: '#fff',
                 }}
               >
-                {t('fillDefault')}
+                {ts(indicator.fillDefault, language)}
               </button>
             )}
           </div>
@@ -291,7 +210,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
           {/* NofxOS Data Sources Grid */}
           <div className="mt-4">
             <div className="text-[10px] font-medium mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('nofxosDataSources')}
+              {ts(indicator.nofxosDataSources, language)}
             </div>
             <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-2">
               {/* Quant Data */}
@@ -307,7 +226,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                 <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
                   <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                     <div className="w-2 h-2 rounded-full" style={{ background: '#60a5fa' }} />
-                    <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{t('quantData')}</span>
+                    <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{ts(indicator.quantData, language)}</span>
                   </div>
                   <input
                     type="checkbox"
@@ -317,7 +236,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                     className="w-3.5 h-3.5 rounded accent-blue-500"
                   />
                 </div>
-                <p className="text-[10px] mt-1" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('quantDataDesc')}</p>
+                <p className="text-[10px] mt-1" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(indicator.quantDataDesc, language)}</p>
                 {config.enable_quant_data && (
                   <div className="flex gap-3 mt-2">
                     <label className="flex items-center gap-1.5 cursor-pointer">
@@ -362,7 +281,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                 <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
                   <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                     <div className="w-2 h-2 rounded-full" style={{ background: '#22c55e' }} />
-                    <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{t('oiRanking')}</span>
+                    <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{ts(indicator.oiRanking, language)}</span>
                   </div>
                   <input
                     type="checkbox"
@@ -377,7 +296,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                     className="w-3.5 h-3.5 rounded accent-green-500"
                   />
                 </div>
-                <p className="text-[10px] mt-1" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('oiRankingDesc')}</p>
+                <p className="text-[10px] mt-1" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(indicator.oiRankingDesc, language)}</p>
                 {config.enable_oi_ranking && (
                   <div className="flex gap-2 mt-2" onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}>
                     <select
@@ -422,7 +341,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                 <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
                   <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                     <div className="w-2 h-2 rounded-full" style={{ background: '#f59e0b' }} />
-                    <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{t('netflowRanking')}</span>
+                    <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{ts(indicator.netflowRanking, language)}</span>
                   </div>
                   <input
                     type="checkbox"
@@ -437,7 +356,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                     className="w-3.5 h-3.5 rounded accent-amber-500"
                   />
                 </div>
-                <p className="text-[10px] mt-1" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('netflowRankingDesc')}</p>
+                <p className="text-[10px] mt-1" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(indicator.netflowRankingDesc, language)}</p>
                 {config.enable_netflow_ranking && (
                   <div className="flex gap-2 mt-2" onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}>
                     <select
@@ -482,7 +401,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                 <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
                   <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                     <div className="w-2 h-2 rounded-full" style={{ background: '#ec4899' }} />
-                    <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{t('priceRanking')}</span>
+                    <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{ts(indicator.priceRanking, language)}</span>
                   </div>
                   <input
                     type="checkbox"
@@ -497,7 +416,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                     className="w-3.5 h-3.5 rounded accent-pink-500"
                   />
                 </div>
-                <p className="text-[10px] mt-1" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('priceRankingDesc')}</p>
+                <p className="text-[10px] mt-1" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(indicator.priceRankingDesc, language)}</p>
                 {config.enable_price_ranking && (
                   <div className="flex gap-2 mt-2" onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}>
                     <select
@@ -510,7 +429,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                       <option value="1h">1h</option>
                       <option value="4h">4h</option>
                       <option value="24h">24h</option>
-                      <option value="1h,4h,24h">{t('priceRankingMulti')}</option>
+                      <option value="1h,4h,24h">{ts(indicator.priceRankingMulti, language)}</option>
                     </select>
                     <select
                       value={config.price_ranking_limit || 10}
@@ -531,7 +450,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
               <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mt-3 p-2 rounded-lg" style={{ background: 'rgba(246, 70, 93, 0.1)', border: '1px solid rgba(246, 70, 93, 0.2)' }}>
                 <AlertCircle className="w-4 h-4 flex-shrink-0" style={{ color: '#F6465D' }} />
                 <span className="text-[10px]" style={{ color: '#F6465D' }}>
-                  {language === 'zh' ? '请配置 API Key 以启用 NofxOS 数据源' : 'Please configure API Key to enable NofxOS data sources'}
+                  {ts(indicator.configureApiKey, language)}
                 </span>
               </div>
             )}
@@ -545,8 +464,8 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
       <div className="rounded-lg overflow-hidden" style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #2B3139' }}>
         <div className="px-3 py-2 flex items-center gap-2" style={{ background: '#1E2329', borderBottom: '1px solid #2B3139' }}>
           <BarChart2 className="w-4 h-4" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
-          <span className="text-sm font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{t('marketData')}</span>
+          <span className="text-sm font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{ts(indicator.marketData, language)}</span>
-          <span className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>- {t('marketDataDesc')}</span>
+          <span className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>- {ts(indicator.marketDataDesc, language)}</span>
         </div>
 
         <div className="p-3 space-y-4">
@@ -558,13 +477,13 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
               </div>
               <div>
                 <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-                  <span className="text-sm font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{t('rawKlines')}</span>
+                  <span className="text-sm font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{ts(indicator.rawKlines, language)}</span>
                   <span className="px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded text-[10px] font-medium flex items-center gap-1" style={{ background: 'rgba(240, 185, 11, 0.2)', color: '#F0B90B' }}>
                     <Lock className="w-2.5 h-2.5" />
-                    {t('required')}
+                    {ts(indicator.required, language)}
                   </span>
                 </div>
-                <p className="text-xs mt-0.5" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>{t('rawKlinesDesc')}</p>
+                <p className="text-xs mt-0.5" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>{ts(indicator.rawKlinesDesc, language)}</p>
               </div>
             </div>
             <input
@@ -580,10 +499,10 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
             <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-2">
               <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                 <Clock className="w-3.5 h-3.5" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }} />
-                <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{t('timeframes')}</span>
+                <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{ts(indicator.timeframes, language)}</span>
               </div>
               <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-                <span className="text-[10px]" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>{t('klineCount')}:</span>
+                <span className="text-[10px]" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>{ts(indicator.klineCount, language)}:</span>
                 <input
                   type="number"
                   value={config.klines.primary_count}
@@ -602,7 +521,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                 />
               </div>
             </div>
-            <p className="text-[10px] mb-2" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t('timeframesDesc')}</p>
+            <p className="text-[10px] mb-2" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(indicator.timeframesDesc, language)}</p>
 
             {/* Timeframe Grid */}
             <div className="space-y-1.5">
@@ -611,7 +530,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                 return (
                   <div key={category} className="flex items-center gap-2">
                     <span className="text-[10px] w-10 flex-shrink-0" style={{ color: categoryColors[category] }}>
-                      {t(category)}
+                      {ts(indicator[category], language)}
                     </span>
                     <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-1">
                       {categoryTfs.map((tf) => {
@@ -654,15 +573,15 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
       <div className="rounded-lg overflow-hidden" style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #2B3139' }}>
         <div className="px-3 py-2 flex items-center gap-2" style={{ background: '#1E2329', borderBottom: '1px solid #2B3139' }}>
           <Activity className="w-4 h-4" style={{ color: '#0ECB81' }} />
-          <span className="text-sm font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{t('technicalIndicators')}</span>
+          <span className="text-sm font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{ts(indicator.technicalIndicators, language)}</span>
-          <span className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>- {t('technicalIndicatorsDesc')}</span>
+          <span className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>- {ts(indicator.technicalIndicatorsDesc, language)}</span>
         </div>
 
         <div className="p-3">
           {/* Tip */}
           <div className="flex items-start gap-2 mb-3 p-2 rounded" style={{ background: 'rgba(14, 203, 129, 0.05)' }}>
             <Info className="w-3.5 h-3.5 mt-0.5 flex-shrink-0" style={{ color: '#0ECB81' }} />
-            <p className="text-[10px]" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>{t('aiCanCalculate')}</p>
+            <p className="text-[10px]" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>{ts(indicator.aiCanCalculate, language)}</p>
           </div>
 
           {/* Indicator Grid */}
@@ -685,7 +604,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                 <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-1">
                   <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                     <div className="w-2 h-2 rounded-full" style={{ background: color }} />
-                    <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{t(label)}</span>
+                    <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{ts(indicator[label as keyof typeof indicator], language)}</span>
                   </div>
                   <input
                     type="checkbox"
@@ -695,7 +614,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                     className="w-4 h-4 rounded accent-yellow-500"
                   />
                 </div>
-                <p className="text-[10px] mb-1.5" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t(desc)}</p>
+                <p className="text-[10px] mb-1.5" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(indicator[desc as keyof typeof indicator], language)}</p>
                 {periodKey && config[key as keyof IndicatorConfig] && (
                   <input
                     type="text"
@@ -726,8 +645,8 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
       <div className="rounded-lg overflow-hidden" style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #2B3139' }}>
         <div className="px-3 py-2 flex items-center gap-2" style={{ background: '#1E2329', borderBottom: '1px solid #2B3139' }}>
           <TrendingUp className="w-4 h-4" style={{ color: '#22c55e' }} />
-          <span className="text-sm font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{t('marketSentiment')}</span>
+          <span className="text-sm font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{ts(indicator.marketSentiment, language)}</span>
-          <span className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>- {t('marketSentimentDesc')}</span>
+          <span className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>- {ts(indicator.marketSentimentDesc, language)}</span>
         </div>
 
         <div className="p-3">
@@ -748,7 +667,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                 <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-1">
                   <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                     <div className="w-2 h-2 rounded-full" style={{ background: color }} />
-                    <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{t(label)}</span>
+                    <span className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>{ts(indicator[label as keyof typeof indicator], language)}</span>
                   </div>
                   <input
                     type="checkbox"
@@ -758,7 +677,7 @@ export function IndicatorEditor({
                     className="w-4 h-4 rounded accent-yellow-500"
                   />
                 </div>
-                <p className="text-[10px]" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{t(desc)}</p>
+                <p className="text-[10px]" style={{ color: '#5E6673' }}>{ts(indicator[desc as keyof typeof indicator], language)}</p>
               </div>
             ))}
           </div>

web/src/components/strategy/PromptSectionsEditor.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useState } from 'react'
 import { ChevronDown, ChevronRight, RotateCcw, FileText } from 'lucide-react'
 import type { PromptSectionsConfig } from '../../types'
+import { promptSections as promptSectionsI18n, ts } from '../../i18n/strategy-translations'
 
 interface PromptSectionsEditorProps {
   config: PromptSectionsConfig | undefined
@@ -54,29 +55,11 @@ export function PromptSectionsEditor({
     decision_process: false,
   })
 
-  const t = (key: string) => {
-    const translations: Record<string, Record<string, string>> = {
-      promptSections: { zh: 'System Prompt 自定义', en: 'System Prompt Customization' },
-      promptSectionsDesc: { zh: '自定义 AI 行为和决策逻辑（输出格式和风控规则不可修改）', en: 'Customize AI behavior and decision logic (output format and risk rules are fixed)' },
-      roleDefinition: { zh: '角色定义', en: 'Role Definition' },
-      roleDefinitionDesc: { zh: '定义 AI 的身份和核心目标', en: 'Define AI identity and core objectives' },
-      tradingFrequency: { zh: '交易频率', en: 'Trading Frequency' },
-      tradingFrequencyDesc: { zh: '设定交易频率预期和过度交易警告', en: 'Set trading frequency expectations and overtrading warnings' },
-      entryStandards: { zh: '开仓标准', en: 'Entry Standards' },
-      entryStandardsDesc: { zh: '定义开仓信号条件和避免事项', en: 'Define entry signal conditions and avoidances' },
-      decisionProcess: { zh: '决策流程', en: 'Decision Process' },
-      decisionProcessDesc: { zh: '设定决策步骤和思考流程', en: 'Set decision steps and thinking process' },
-      resetToDefault: { zh: '重置为默认', en: 'Reset to Default' },
-      chars: { zh: '字符', en: 'chars' },
-    }
-    return translations[key]?.[language] || key
-  }
-
   const sections = [
-    { key: 'role_definition', label: t('roleDefinition'), desc: t('roleDefinitionDesc') },
+    { key: 'role_definition', label: ts(promptSectionsI18n.roleDefinition, language), desc: ts(promptSectionsI18n.roleDefinitionDesc, language) },
-    { key: 'trading_frequency', label: t('tradingFrequency'), desc: t('tradingFrequencyDesc') },
+    { key: 'trading_frequency', label: ts(promptSectionsI18n.tradingFrequency, language), desc: ts(promptSectionsI18n.tradingFrequencyDesc, language) },
-    { key: 'entry_standards', label: t('entryStandards'), desc: t('entryStandardsDesc') },
+    { key: 'entry_standards', label: ts(promptSectionsI18n.entryStandards, language), desc: ts(promptSectionsI18n.entryStandardsDesc, language) },
-    { key: 'decision_process', label: t('decisionProcess'), desc: t('decisionProcessDesc') },
+    { key: 'decision_process', label: ts(promptSectionsI18n.decisionProcess, language), desc: ts(promptSectionsI18n.decisionProcessDesc, language) },
   ]
 
   const currentConfig = config || {}
@@ -107,10 +90,10 @@ export function PromptSectionsEditor({
         <FileText className="w-5 h-5 mt-0.5" style={{ color: '#a855f7' }} />
         <div>
           <h3 className="font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-            {t('promptSections')}
+            {ts(promptSectionsI18n.promptSections, language)}
           </h3>
           <p className="text-xs mt-1" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-            {t('promptSectionsDesc')}
+            {ts(promptSectionsI18n.promptSectionsDesc, language)}
           </p>
         </div>
       </div>
@@ -146,12 +129,12 @@ export function PromptSectionsEditor({
                       className="px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[10px] rounded"
                       style={{ background: 'rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.15)', color: '#a855f7' }}
                     >
-                      {language === 'zh' ? '已修改' : 'Modified'}
+                      {ts(promptSectionsI18n.modified, language)}
                     </span>
                   )}
                 </div>
                 <span className="text-[10px]" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                  {value.length} {t('chars')}
+                  {value.length} {ts(promptSectionsI18n.chars, language)}
                 </span>
               </button>
 
@@ -181,7 +164,7 @@ export function PromptSectionsEditor({
                       style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}
                     >
                       <RotateCcw className="w-3 h-3" />
-                      {t('resetToDefault')}
+                      {ts(promptSectionsI18n.resetToDefault, language)}
                     </button>
                   </div>
                 </div>

web/src/components/strategy/PublishSettingsEditor.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { Globe, Lock, Eye, EyeOff } from 'lucide-react'
+import { publishSettings, ts } from '../../i18n/strategy-translations'
 
 interface PublishSettingsEditorProps {
   isPublic: boolean
@@ -17,23 +18,9 @@ export function PublishSettingsEditor({
   disabled = false,
   language,
 }: PublishSettingsEditorProps) {
-  const t = (key: string) => {
-    const translations: Record<string, Record<string, string>> = {
-      publishToMarket: { zh: '发布到策略市场', en: 'Publish to Market' },
-      publishDesc: { zh: '策略将在市场公开展示，其他用户可发现并使用', en: 'Strategy will be publicly visible in the marketplace' },
-      showConfig: { zh: '公开配置参数', en: 'Show Config' },
-      showConfigDesc: { zh: '允许他人查看和复制详细配置', en: 'Allow others to view and clone config details' },
-      private: { zh: '私有', en: 'PRIVATE' },
-      public: { zh: '公开', en: 'PUBLIC' },
-      hidden: { zh: '隐藏', en: 'HIDDEN' },
-      visible: { zh: '可见', en: 'VISIBLE' },
-    }
-    return translations[key]?.[language] || key
-  }
-
   return (
     <div className="space-y-3">
-      {/* 发布开关 */}
+      {/* Publish toggle */}
       <div
         className={`relative overflow-hidden rounded-lg transition-all duration-300 ${disabled ? 'opacity-50 cursor-not-allowed' : 'cursor-pointer'}`}
         style={{
@@ -73,10 +60,10 @@ export function PublishSettingsEditor({
             </div>
             <div>
               <div className="text-sm font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-                {t('publishToMarket')}
+                {ts(publishSettings.publishToMarket, language)}
               </div>
               <div className="text-xs mt-0.5" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                {t('publishDesc')}
+                {ts(publishSettings.publishDesc, language)}
               </div>
             </div>
           </div>
@@ -87,7 +74,7 @@ export function PublishSettingsEditor({
               className="text-[10px] font-mono font-bold tracking-wider"
               style={{ color: isPublic ? '#0ECB81' : '#848E9C' }}
             >
-              {isPublic ? t('public') : t('private')}
+              {isPublic ? ts(publishSettings.public, language) : ts(publishSettings.private, language)}
             </span>
             <div
               className="relative w-12 h-6 rounded-full transition-all duration-300"
@@ -111,7 +98,7 @@ export function PublishSettingsEditor({
         </div>
       </div>
 
-      {/* 配置可见性开关 - 仅在公开时显示 */}
+      {/* Config visibility toggle - only shown when public */}
       {isPublic && (
         <div
           className={`relative overflow-hidden rounded-lg transition-all duration-300 ${disabled ? 'opacity-50 cursor-not-allowed' : 'cursor-pointer'}`}
@@ -152,10 +139,10 @@ export function PublishSettingsEditor({
               </div>
               <div>
                 <div className="text-sm font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-                  {t('showConfig')}
+                  {ts(publishSettings.showConfig, language)}
                 </div>
                 <div className="text-xs mt-0.5" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                  {t('showConfigDesc')}
+                  {ts(publishSettings.showConfigDesc, language)}
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
@@ -166,7 +153,7 @@ export function PublishSettingsEditor({
                 className="text-[10px] font-mono font-bold tracking-wider"
                 style={{ color: configVisible ? '#a855f7' : '#848E9C' }}
               >
-                {configVisible ? t('visible') : t('hidden')}
+                {configVisible ? ts(publishSettings.visible, language) : ts(publishSettings.hidden, language)}
               </span>
               <div
                 className="relative w-12 h-6 rounded-full transition-all duration-300"

web/src/components/strategy/RiskControlEditor.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { Shield, AlertTriangle } from 'lucide-react'
 import type { RiskControlConfig } from '../../types'
+import { riskControl, ts } from '../../i18n/strategy-translations'
 
 interface RiskControlEditorProps {
   config: RiskControlConfig
@@ -14,38 +15,6 @@ export function RiskControlEditor({
   disabled,
   language,
 }: RiskControlEditorProps) {
-  const t = (key: string) => {
-    const translations: Record<string, Record<string, string>> = {
-      positionLimits: { zh: '仓位限制', en: 'Position Limits' },
-      maxPositions: { zh: '最大持仓数量', en: 'Max Positions' },
-      maxPositionsDesc: { zh: '同时持有的最大币种数量', en: 'Maximum coins held simultaneously' },
-      // Trading leverage (exchange leverage)
-      tradingLeverage: { zh: '交易杠杆（交易所杠杆）', en: 'Trading Leverage (Exchange)' },
-      btcEthLeverage: { zh: 'BTC/ETH 交易杠杆', en: 'BTC/ETH Trading Leverage' },
-      btcEthLeverageDesc: { zh: '交易所开仓使用的杠杆倍数', en: 'Exchange leverage for opening positions' },
-      altcoinLeverage: { zh: '山寨币交易杠杆', en: 'Altcoin Trading Leverage' },
-      altcoinLeverageDesc: { zh: '交易所开仓使用的杠杆倍数', en: 'Exchange leverage for opening positions' },
-      // Position value ratio (risk control) - CODE ENFORCED
-      positionValueRatio: { zh: '仓位价值比例（代码强制）', en: 'Position Value Ratio (CODE ENFORCED)' },
-      positionValueRatioDesc: { zh: '单仓位名义价值 / 账户净值，由代码强制执行', en: 'Position notional value / equity, enforced by code' },
-      btcEthPositionValueRatio: { zh: 'BTC/ETH 仓位价值比例', en: 'BTC/ETH Position Value Ratio' },
-      btcEthPositionValueRatioDesc: { zh: '单仓最大名义价值 = 净值 × 此值（代码强制）', en: 'Max position value = equity × this ratio (CODE ENFORCED)' },
-      altcoinPositionValueRatio: { zh: '山寨币仓位价值比例', en: 'Altcoin Position Value Ratio' },
-      altcoinPositionValueRatioDesc: { zh: '单仓最大名义价值 = 净值 × 此值（代码强制）', en: 'Max position value = equity × this ratio (CODE ENFORCED)' },
-      riskParameters: { zh: '风险参数', en: 'Risk Parameters' },
-      minRiskReward: { zh: '最小风险回报比', en: 'Min Risk/Reward Ratio' },
-      minRiskRewardDesc: { zh: '开仓要求的最低盈亏比', en: 'Minimum profit ratio for opening' },
-      maxMarginUsage: { zh: '最大保证金使用率（代码强制）', en: 'Max Margin Usage (CODE ENFORCED)' },
-      maxMarginUsageDesc: { zh: '保证金使用率上限，由代码强制执行', en: 'Maximum margin utilization, enforced by code' },
-      entryRequirements: { zh: '开仓要求', en: 'Entry Requirements' },
-      minPositionSize: { zh: '最小开仓金额', en: 'Min Position Size' },
-      minPositionSizeDesc: { zh: 'USDT 最小名义价值', en: 'Minimum notional value in USDT' },
-      minConfidence: { zh: '最小信心度', en: 'Min Confidence' },
-      minConfidenceDesc: { zh: 'AI 开仓信心度阈值', en: 'AI confidence threshold for entry' },
-    }
-    return translations[key]?.[language] || key
-  }
-
   const updateField = <K extends keyof RiskControlConfig>(
     key: K,
     value: RiskControlConfig[K]
@@ -62,7 +31,7 @@ export function RiskControlEditor({
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-4">
           <Shield className="w-5 h-5" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
           <h3 className="font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-            {t('positionLimits')}
+            {ts(riskControl.positionLimits, language)}
           </h3>
         </div>
 
@@ -72,10 +41,10 @@ export function RiskControlEditor({
             style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #2B3139' }}
           >
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('maxPositions')}
+              {ts(riskControl.maxPositions, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('maxPositionsDesc')}
+              {ts(riskControl.maxPositionsDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <input
               type="number"
@@ -99,7 +68,7 @@ export function RiskControlEditor({
         {/* Trading Leverage (Exchange) */}
         <div className="mb-2">
           <p className="text-xs font-medium mb-2" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }}>
-            {t('tradingLeverage')}
+            {ts(riskControl.tradingLeverage, language)}
           </p>
         </div>
         <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-4">
@@ -108,10 +77,10 @@ export function RiskControlEditor({
             style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #2B3139' }}
           >
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('btcEthLeverage')}
+              {ts(riskControl.btcEthLeverage, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('btcEthLeverageDesc')}
+              {ts(riskControl.btcEthLeverageDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
               <input
@@ -139,10 +108,10 @@ export function RiskControlEditor({
             style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #2B3139' }}
           >
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('altcoinLeverage')}
+              {ts(riskControl.altcoinLeverage, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('altcoinLeverageDesc')}
+              {ts(riskControl.altcoinLeverageDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
               <input
@@ -169,10 +138,10 @@ export function RiskControlEditor({
         {/* Position Value Ratio (Risk Control - CODE ENFORCED) */}
         <div className="mb-2">
           <p className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#0ECB81' }}>
-            {t('positionValueRatio')}
+            {ts(riskControl.positionValueRatio, language)}
           </p>
           <p className="text-xs mt-1" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-            {t('positionValueRatioDesc')}
+            {ts(riskControl.positionValueRatioDesc, language)}
           </p>
         </div>
         <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4">
@@ -181,10 +150,10 @@ export function RiskControlEditor({
             style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #0ECB81' }}
           >
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('btcEthPositionValueRatio')}
+              {ts(riskControl.btcEthPositionValueRatio, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('btcEthPositionValueRatioDesc')}
+              {ts(riskControl.btcEthPositionValueRatioDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
               <input
@@ -213,10 +182,10 @@ export function RiskControlEditor({
             style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #0ECB81' }}
           >
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('altcoinPositionValueRatio')}
+              {ts(riskControl.altcoinPositionValueRatio, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('altcoinPositionValueRatioDesc')}
+              {ts(riskControl.altcoinPositionValueRatioDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
               <input
@@ -247,7 +216,7 @@ export function RiskControlEditor({
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-4">
           <AlertTriangle className="w-5 h-5" style={{ color: '#F6465D' }} />
           <h3 className="font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-            {t('riskParameters')}
+            {ts(riskControl.riskParameters, language)}
           </h3>
         </div>
 
@@ -257,10 +226,10 @@ export function RiskControlEditor({
             style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #2B3139' }}
           >
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('minRiskReward')}
+              {ts(riskControl.minRiskReward, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('minRiskRewardDesc')}
+              {ts(riskControl.minRiskRewardDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <div className="flex items-center">
               <span style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>1:</span>
@@ -289,10 +258,10 @@ export function RiskControlEditor({
             style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #0ECB81' }}
           >
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('maxMarginUsage')}
+              {ts(riskControl.maxMarginUsage, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('maxMarginUsageDesc')}
+              {ts(riskControl.maxMarginUsageDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
               <input
@@ -319,7 +288,7 @@ export function RiskControlEditor({
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-4">
           <Shield className="w-5 h-5" style={{ color: '#0ECB81' }} />
           <h3 className="font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-            {t('entryRequirements')}
+            {ts(riskControl.entryRequirements, language)}
           </h3>
         </div>
 
@@ -329,10 +298,10 @@ export function RiskControlEditor({
             style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #2B3139' }}
           >
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('minPositionSize')}
+              {ts(riskControl.minPositionSize, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('minPositionSizeDesc')}
+              {ts(riskControl.minPositionSizeDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <div className="flex items-center">
               <input
@@ -362,10 +331,10 @@ export function RiskControlEditor({
             style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #2B3139' }}
           >
             <label className="block text-sm mb-1" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-              {t('minConfidence')}
+              {ts(riskControl.minConfidence, language)}
             </label>
             <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {t('minConfidenceDesc')}
+              {ts(riskControl.minConfidenceDesc, language)}
             </p>
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
               <input

web/src/components/trader/AITradersPage.tsx

@@ -212,9 +212,9 @@ export function AITradersPage({ onTraderSelect }: AITradersPageProps) {
       }
 
       await toast.promise(api.createTrader(data), {
-        loading: '正在创建…',
+        loading: t('aiTradersToast.creating', language),
-        success: '创建成功',
+        success: t('aiTradersToast.created', language),
-        error: '创建失败',
+        error: t('aiTradersToast.createFailed', language),
       })
       setShowCreateModal(false)
       await mutateTraders()
@@ -269,9 +269,9 @@ export function AITradersPage({ onTraderSelect }: AITradersPageProps) {
       console.log('🔥 handleSaveEditTrader - request:', request)
 
       await toast.promise(api.updateTrader(editingTrader.trader_id, request), {
-        loading: '正在保存…',
+        loading: t('aiTradersToast.saving', language),
-        success: '保存成功',
+        success: t('aiTradersToast.saved', language),
-        error: '保存失败',
+        error: t('aiTradersToast.saveFailed', language),
       })
       setShowEditModal(false)
       setEditingTrader(null)
@@ -290,9 +290,9 @@ export function AITradersPage({ onTraderSelect }: AITradersPageProps) {
 
     try {
       await toast.promise(api.deleteTrader(traderId), {
-        loading: '正在删除…',
+        loading: t('aiTradersToast.deleting', language),
-        success: '删除成功',
+        success: t('aiTradersToast.deleted', language),
-        error: '删除失败',
+        error: t('aiTradersToast.deleteFailed', language),
       })
 
       await mutateTraders()
@@ -306,15 +306,15 @@ export function AITradersPage({ onTraderSelect }: AITradersPageProps) {
     try {
       if (running) {
         await toast.promise(api.stopTrader(traderId), {
-          loading: '正在停止…',
+          loading: t('aiTradersToast.stopping', language),
-          success: '已停止',
+          success: t('aiTradersToast.stopped', language),
-          error: '停止失败',
+          error: t('aiTradersToast.stopFailed', language),
         })
       } else {
         await toast.promise(api.startTrader(traderId), {
-          loading: '正在启动…',
+          loading: t('aiTradersToast.starting', language),
-          success: '已启动',
+          success: t('aiTradersToast.started', language),
-          error: '启动失败',
+          error: t('aiTradersToast.startFailed', language),
         })
       }
 
@@ -329,9 +329,9 @@ export function AITradersPage({ onTraderSelect }: AITradersPageProps) {
     try {
       const newValue = !currentShowInCompetition
       await toast.promise(api.toggleCompetition(traderId, newValue), {
-        loading: '正在更新…',
+        loading: t('aiTradersToast.updating', language),
-        success: newValue ? '已在竞技场显示' : '已在竞技场隐藏',
+        success: newValue ? t('aiTradersToast.showInCompetition', language) : t('aiTradersToast.hideInCompetition', language),
-        error: '更新失败',
+        error: t('aiTradersToast.updateFailed', language),
       })
 
       await mutateTraders()
@@ -393,9 +393,9 @@ export function AITradersPage({ onTraderSelect }: AITradersPageProps) {
 
       const request = config.buildRequest(updatedItems)
       await toast.promise(config.updateApi(request), {
-        loading: '正在更新配置…',
+        loading: t('aiTradersToast.updatingConfig', language),
-        success: '配置已更新',
+        success: t('aiTradersToast.configUpdated', language),
-        error: '更新配置失败',
+        error: t('aiTradersToast.configUpdateFailed', language),
       })
 
       const refreshedItems = await config.refreshApi()
@@ -506,9 +506,9 @@ export function AITradersPage({ onTraderSelect }: AITradersPageProps) {
       }
 
       await toast.promise(api.updateModelConfigs(request), {
-        loading: '正在更新模型配置…',
+        loading: t('aiTradersToast.updatingModelConfig', language),
-        success: '模型配置已更新',
+        success: t('aiTradersToast.modelConfigUpdated', language),
-        error: '更新模型配置失败',
+        error: t('aiTradersToast.modelConfigUpdateFailed', language),
       })
 
       const refreshedModels = await api.getModelConfigs()
@@ -536,9 +536,9 @@ export function AITradersPage({ onTraderSelect }: AITradersPageProps) {
 
     try {
       await toast.promise(api.deleteExchange(exchangeId), {
-        loading: language === 'zh' ? '正在删除交易所账户…' : 'Deleting exchange account...',
+        loading: t('aiTradersToast.deletingExchange', language),
-        success: language === 'zh' ? '交易所账户已删除' : 'Exchange account deleted',
+        success: t('aiTradersToast.exchangeDeleted', language),
-        error: language === 'zh' ? '删除交易所账户失败' : 'Failed to delete exchange account',
+        error: t('aiTradersToast.exchangeDeleteFailed', language),
       })
 
       const refreshedExchanges = await api.getExchangeConfigs()
@@ -598,9 +598,9 @@ export function AITradersPage({ onTraderSelect }: AITradersPageProps) {
         }
 
         await toast.promise(api.updateExchangeConfigsEncrypted(request), {
-          loading: language === 'zh' ? '正在更新交易所配置…' : 'Updating exchange config...',
+          loading: t('aiTradersToast.updatingExchangeConfig', language),
-          success: language === 'zh' ? '交易所配置已更新' : 'Exchange config updated',
+          success: t('aiTradersToast.exchangeConfigUpdated', language),
-          error: language === 'zh' ? '更新交易所配置失败' : 'Failed to update exchange config',
+          error: t('aiTradersToast.exchangeConfigUpdateFailed', language),
         })
       } else {
         const createRequest = {
@@ -622,9 +622,9 @@ export function AITradersPage({ onTraderSelect }: AITradersPageProps) {
         }
 
         await toast.promise(api.createExchangeEncrypted(createRequest), {
-          loading: language === 'zh' ? '正在创建交易所账户…' : 'Creating exchange account...',
+          loading: t('aiTradersToast.creatingExchange', language),
-          success: language === 'zh' ? '交易所账户已创建' : 'Exchange account created',
+          success: t('aiTradersToast.exchangeCreated', language),
-          error: language === 'zh' ? '创建交易所账户失败' : 'Failed to create exchange account',
+          error: t('aiTradersToast.exchangeCreateFailed', language),
         })
       }
 

web/src/components/trader/ExchangeConfigModal.tsx

@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ export function ExchangeConfigModal({
         toast.success(t('ipCopied', language))
       }
     } catch {
-      toast.error(t('copyIPFailed', language) || `复制失败: ${ip}`)
+      toast.error(t('copyIPFailed', language))
     }
   }
 
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ export function ExchangeConfigModal({
 
     const trimmedAccountName = accountName.trim()
     if (!trimmedAccountName) {
-      toast.error(language === 'zh' ? '请输入账户名称' : 'Please enter account name')
+      toast.error(t('exchangeConfig.pleaseEnterAccountName', language))
       return
     }
 
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ export function ExchangeConfigModal({
     }
   }
 
-  const stepLabels = language === 'zh' ? ['选择交易所', '配置账户'] : ['Select Exchange', 'Configure']
+  const stepLabels = [t('exchangeConfig.selectExchange', language), t('exchangeConfig.configure', language)]
   const cexExchanges = SUPPORTED_EXCHANGE_TEMPLATES.filter(t => t.type === 'cex')
   const dexExchanges = SUPPORTED_EXCHANGE_TEMPLATES.filter(t => t.type === 'dex')
 
@@ -412,13 +412,13 @@ export function ExchangeConfigModal({
               {/* Exchange Grid */}
               <div className="space-y-4">
                 <div className="text-sm font-semibold" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-                  {language === 'zh' ? '选择您的交易所' : 'Choose Your Exchange'}
+                  {t('exchangeConfig.chooseExchange', language)}
                 </div>
 
                 {/* CEX */}
                 <div className="space-y-3">
                   <div className="text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }}>
-                    {language === 'zh' ? '中心化交易所 (CEX)' : 'Centralized Exchanges'}
+                    {t('exchangeConfig.centralizedExchanges', language)}
                   </div>
                   <div className="grid grid-cols-3 sm:grid-cols-5 gap-3">
                     {cexExchanges.map((template) => (
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ export function ExchangeConfigModal({
                 {/* DEX */}
                 <div className="space-y-3">
                   <div className="text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide" style={{ color: '#A78BFA' }}>
-                    {language === 'zh' ? '去中心化交易所 (DEX)' : 'Decentralized Exchanges'}
+                    {t('exchangeConfig.decentralizedExchanges', language)}
                   </div>
                   <div className="grid grid-cols-3 sm:grid-cols-5 gap-3">
                     {dexExchanges.map((template) => (
@@ -477,11 +477,11 @@ export function ExchangeConfigModal({
                 >
                   <UserPlus className="w-4 h-4" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
                   <span className="text-sm font-medium" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }}>
-                    {language === 'zh' ? '注册' : 'Register'}
+                    {t('exchangeConfig.register', language)}
                   </span>
                   {exchangeRegistrationLinks[currentExchangeType || '']?.hasReferral && (
                     <span className="text-xs px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded" style={{ background: 'rgba(14, 203, 129, 0.2)', color: '#0ECB81' }}>
-                      {language === 'zh' ? '优惠' : 'Bonus'}
+                      {t('exchangeConfig.bonus', language)}
                     </span>
                   )}
                 </a>
@@ -491,13 +491,13 @@ export function ExchangeConfigModal({
               <div className="space-y-2">
                 <label className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm font-semibold" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
                   <Key className="w-4 h-4" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
-                  {language === 'zh' ? '账户名称' : 'Account Name'} *
+                  {t('exchangeConfig.accountName', language)} *
                 </label>
                 <input
                   type="text"
                   value={accountName}
                   onChange={(e) => setAccountName(e.target.value)}
-                  placeholder={language === 'zh' ? '例如：主账户、套利账户' : 'e.g., Main Account'}
+                  placeholder={t('exchangeConfig.accountNamePlaceholder', language)}
                   className="w-full px-4 py-3 rounded-xl text-base"
                   style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #2B3139', color: '#EAECEF' }}
                   required
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ export function ExchangeConfigModal({
                         <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                           <span style={{ color: '#58a6ff' }}>ℹ️</span>
                           <span className="text-sm font-medium" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-                            {language === 'zh' ? '币安用户必读：使用「现货与合约交易」API' : 'Use "Spot & Futures Trading" API'}
+                            {t('exchangeConfig.useBinanceFuturesApi', language)}
                           </span>
                         </div>
                         <span style={{ color: '#8b949e' }}>{showBinanceGuide ? '▲' : '▼'}</span>
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ export function ExchangeConfigModal({
                             style={{ color: '#58a6ff' }}
                             onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
                           >
-                            {language === 'zh' ? '查看官方教程' : 'View Tutorial'} <ExternalLink className="w-3 h-3" />
+                            {t('exchangeConfig.viewTutorial', language)} <ExternalLink className="w-3 h-3" />
                           </a>
                         </div>
                       )}
@@ -696,10 +696,10 @@ export function ExchangeConfigModal({
                       <span style={{ fontSize: '16px' }}>🔐</span>
                       <div>
                         <div className="text-sm font-semibold mb-1" style={{ color: '#3B82F6' }}>
-                          {language === 'zh' ? 'Lighter API Key 配置' : 'Lighter API Key Setup'}
+                          {t('exchangeConfig.lighterApiKeySetup', language)}
                         </div>
                         <div className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                          {language === 'zh' ? '请在 Lighter 网站生成 API Key' : 'Generate an API Key on Lighter website'}
+                          {t('exchangeConfig.lighterApiKeyDesc', language)}
                         </div>
                       </div>
                     </div>
@@ -717,8 +717,8 @@ export function ExchangeConfigModal({
                   </div>
                   <div className="space-y-2">
                     <label className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm font-semibold" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-                      {language === 'zh' ? 'API Key 索引' : 'API Key Index'}
+                      {t('exchangeConfig.apiKeyIndex', language)}
-                      <Tooltip content={language === 'zh' ? 'API Key 索引从0开始' : 'API Key index starts from 0'}>
+                      <Tooltip content={t('exchangeConfig.apiKeyIndexTooltip', language)}>
                         <HelpCircle className="w-4 h-4 cursor-help" style={{ color: '#3B82F6' }} />
                       </Tooltip>
                     </label>
@@ -730,7 +730,7 @@ export function ExchangeConfigModal({
               {/* Buttons */}
               <div className="flex gap-3 pt-4">
                 <button type="button" onClick={handleBack} className="flex-1 px-4 py-3 rounded-xl text-sm font-semibold transition-all hover:bg-white/5" style={{ background: '#2B3139', color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                  {editingExchangeId ? t('cancel', language) : (language === 'zh' ? '返回' : 'Back')}
+                  {editingExchangeId ? t('cancel', language) : t('exchangeConfig.back', language)}
                 </button>
                 <button
                   type="submit"
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ export function ExchangeConfigModal({
                   className="flex-1 flex items-center justify-center gap-2 px-4 py-3 rounded-xl text-sm font-bold transition-all hover:scale-[1.02] disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed"
                   style={{ background: '#F0B90B', color: '#000' }}
                 >
-                  {isSaving ? (t('saving', language) || '保存中...') : (
+                  {isSaving ? t('saving', language) : (
                     <>{t('saveConfig', language)} <ArrowRight className="w-4 h-4" /></>
                   )}
                 </button>

web/src/components/trader/ModelConfigModal.tsx

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ export function ModelConfigModal({
 
   const availableModels = allModels || []
   const configuredIds = new Set(configuredModels?.map(m => m.id) || [])
-  const stepLabels = language === 'zh' ? ['选择模型', '配置 API'] : ['Select Model', 'Configure API']
+  const stepLabels = [t('modelConfig.selectModel', language), t('modelConfig.configureApi', language)]
 
   return (
     <div className="fixed inset-0 bg-black/60 flex items-center justify-center z-50 p-4 overflow-y-auto backdrop-blur-sm">
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ function ModelSelectionStep({
   return (
     <div className="space-y-4">
       <div className="text-sm font-semibold" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-        {language === 'zh' ? '选择 AI 模型提供商' : 'Choose Your AI Provider'}
+        {t('modelConfig.chooseProvider', language)}
       </div>
 
       {/* Claw402 Featured Card */}
@@ -217,9 +217,7 @@ function ModelSelectionStep({
                   <a href="https://claw402.ai" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()} className="ml-1.5 text-[10px] font-normal px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded" style={{ color: '#60A5FA', background: 'rgba(96, 165, 250, 0.1)' }}>↗ claw402.ai</a>
                 </div>
                 <div className="text-xs mt-0.5" style={{ color: '#A0AEC0' }}>
-                  {language === 'zh'
+                  {t('modelConfig.payPerCall', language)}
-                    ? 'USDC 按次付费 · 支持全部 AI 模型 · 无需 API Key'
-                    : 'Pay-per-call USDC · All AI Models · No API Key'}
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
@@ -228,7 +226,7 @@ function ModelSelectionStep({
                 <div className="w-2 h-2 rounded-full" style={{ background: '#00E096' }} />
               )}
               <div className="px-3 py-1.5 rounded-full text-xs font-bold" style={{ background: 'linear-gradient(135deg, #2563EB, #7C3AED)', color: '#fff' }}>
-                {language === 'zh' ? '🔥 推荐' : '🔥 Best'}
+                {'🔥 ' + t('modelConfig.recommended', language)}
               </div>
             </div>
           </div>
@@ -256,7 +254,7 @@ function ModelSelectionStep({
           <div className="flex items-center gap-3 pt-2">
             <div className="flex-1 h-px" style={{ background: '#2B3139' }} />
             <span className="text-xs font-medium px-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-              {language === 'zh' ? '通过钱包支付' : 'Via BlockRun Wallet'}
+              {t('modelConfig.viaBlockrunWallet', language)}
             </span>
             <div className="flex-1 h-px" style={{ background: '#2B3139' }} />
           </div>
@@ -274,7 +272,7 @@ function ModelSelectionStep({
         </>
       )}
       <div className="text-xs text-center pt-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-        {language === 'zh' ? '带金色标记的模型已配置' : 'Models with gold badge are already configured'}
+        {t('modelConfig.modelsConfigured', language)}
       </div>
     </div>
   )
@@ -310,9 +308,7 @@ function Claw402ConfigForm({
           Claw402 <span className="text-xs font-normal" style={{ color: '#60A5FA' }}>↗</span>
         </a>
         <div className="text-sm mt-1" style={{ color: '#A0AEC0' }}>
-          {language === 'zh'
+          {t('modelConfig.allModelsClaw', language)}
-            ? '用 USDC 按次付费，支持所有主流 AI 模型'
-            : 'Pay-per-call with USDC — supports all major AI models'}
         </div>
         <div className="flex items-center justify-center gap-3 mt-3 flex-wrap">
           {['GPT', 'Claude', 'DeepSeek', 'Gemini', 'Grok', 'Qwen', 'Kimi'].map(name => (
@@ -327,12 +323,10 @@ function Claw402ConfigForm({
       <div className="space-y-3">
         <label className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm font-semibold" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
           <Brain className="w-4 h-4" style={{ color: '#2563EB' }} />
-          {language === 'zh' ? '① 选择 AI 模型' : '① Choose AI Model'}
+          {t('modelConfig.selectAiModel', language)}
         </label>
         <div className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-          {language === 'zh'
+          {t('modelConfig.allModelsUnified', language)}
-            ? '所有模型通过 Claw402 统一调用，创建后可随时切换'
-            : 'All models unified via Claw402. Switch anytime after setup.'}
         </div>
         <div className="grid grid-cols-2 sm:grid-cols-3 gap-2">
           {CLAW402_MODELS.map((m) => {
@@ -372,34 +366,28 @@ function Claw402ConfigForm({
           <svg className="w-4 h-4" style={{ color: '#2563EB' }} fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
             <path strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round" strokeWidth={2} d="M3 10h18M7 15h1m4 0h1m-7 4h12a3 3 0 003-3V8a3 3 0 00-3-3H6a3 3 0 00-3 3v8a3 3 0 003 3z" />
           </svg>
-          {language === 'zh' ? '② 设置钱包' : '② Setup Wallet'}
+          {t('modelConfig.setupWallet', language)}
         </label>
 
         <div className="p-3 rounded-xl" style={{ background: 'rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.06)', border: '1px solid rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.15)' }}>
           <div className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#A0AEC0' }}>
-            {language === 'zh'
+            {t('modelConfig.walletInfo', language)}
-              ? '💡 Claw402 使用 Base 链上的 USDC 付费，你需要一个 EVM 钱包'
-              : '💡 Claw402 uses USDC on Base chain. You need an EVM wallet.'}
           </div>
           <div className="text-xs space-y-1" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
             <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
               <span style={{ color: '#00E096' }}>•</span>
-              {language === 'zh'
+              {t('modelConfig.exportKey', language)}
-                ? '可以用 MetaMask、Rabby 等钱包导出私钥'
-                : 'Export private key from MetaMask, Rabby, etc.'}
             </div>
             <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
               <span style={{ color: '#00E096' }}>•</span>
-              {language === 'zh'
+              {t('modelConfig.dedicatedWallet', language)}
-                ? '建议新建一个专用钱包，充入少量 USDC 即可'
-                : 'Recommended: create a dedicated wallet with a small USDC balance'}
             </div>
           </div>
         </div>
 
         <div className="space-y-1.5">
           <div className="text-xs font-medium" style={{ color: '#A0AEC0' }}>
-            {language === 'zh' ? '钱包私钥（Base 链 EVM）' : 'Wallet Private Key (Base Chain EVM)'}
+            {t('modelConfig.walletPrivateKey', language)}
           </div>
           <input
             type="password"
@@ -413,9 +401,7 @@ function Claw402ConfigForm({
           <div className="flex items-start gap-1.5 text-[11px]" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
             <span className="mt-px">🔒</span>
             <span>
-              {language === 'zh'
+              {t('modelConfig.privateKeyNote', language)}
-                ? '私钥仅在本地签名使用，不会上传或发送交易。无需 ETH，无 Gas 费用。'
-                : 'Private key is only used locally for signing. Never uploaded. No ETH or gas needed.'}
             </span>
           </div>
         </div>
@@ -424,20 +410,20 @@ function Claw402ConfigForm({
       {/* USDC Recharge Guide */}
       <div className="p-4 rounded-xl" style={{ background: 'rgba(0, 224, 150, 0.05)', border: '1px solid rgba(0, 224, 150, 0.15)' }}>
         <div className="text-sm font-semibold mb-2 flex items-center gap-2" style={{ color: '#00E096' }}>
-          💰 {language === 'zh' ? '如何充值 USDC' : 'How to Fund USDC'}
+          {'💰 ' + t('modelConfig.howToFundUsdc', language)}
         </div>
         <div className="text-xs space-y-1.5" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
           <div className="flex items-start gap-2">
             <span className="font-bold" style={{ color: '#A0AEC0' }}>1.</span>
-            <span>{language === 'zh' ? '从交易所（Binance / OKX / Coinbase）提 USDC 到你的钱包地址' : 'Withdraw USDC from exchange (Binance/OKX/Coinbase) to your wallet'}</span>
+            <span>{t('modelConfig.fundStep1', language)}</span>
           </div>
           <div className="flex items-start gap-2">
             <span className="font-bold" style={{ color: '#A0AEC0' }}>2.</span>
-            <span>{language === 'zh' ? '选择 Base 网络（手续费极低）' : 'Select Base network (very low fees)'}</span>
+            <span>{t('modelConfig.fundStep2', language)}</span>
           </div>
           <div className="flex items-start gap-2">
             <span className="font-bold" style={{ color: '#A0AEC0' }}>3.</span>
-            <span>{language === 'zh' ? '充入 $5-10 USDC 即可使用很长时间（约 $0.003/次调用）' : '$5-10 USDC lasts a long time (~$0.003/call)'}</span>
+            <span>{t('modelConfig.fundStep3', language)}</span>
           </div>
         </div>
       </div>
@@ -445,7 +431,7 @@ function Claw402ConfigForm({
       {/* Buttons */}
       <div className="flex gap-3 pt-2">
         <button type="button" onClick={onBack} className="flex-1 px-4 py-3 rounded-xl text-sm font-semibold transition-all hover:bg-white/5" style={{ background: '#2B3139', color: '#848E9C' }}>
-          {editingModelId ? t('cancel', language) : (language === 'zh' ? '返回' : 'Back')}
+          {editingModelId ? t('cancel', language) : t('modelConfig.back', language)}
         </button>
         <button
           type="submit"
@@ -453,7 +439,7 @@ function Claw402ConfigForm({
           className="flex-1 flex items-center justify-center gap-2 px-4 py-3 rounded-xl text-sm font-bold transition-all hover:scale-[1.02] disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed"
           style={{ background: apiKey.trim() ? 'linear-gradient(135deg, #2563EB, #7C3AED)' : '#2B3139', color: '#fff' }}
         >
-          {language === 'zh' ? '🚀 开始交易' : '🚀 Start Trading'}
+          {'🚀 ' + t('modelConfig.startTrading', language)}
         </button>
       </div>
     </form>
@@ -513,8 +499,8 @@ function StandardProviderConfigForm({
             <ExternalLink className="w-4 h-4" style={{ color: '#A78BFA' }} />
             <span className="text-sm font-medium" style={{ color: '#A78BFA' }}>
               {selectedModel.provider?.startsWith('blockrun')
-                ? (language === 'zh' ? '开始使用' : 'Get Started')
+                ? t('modelConfig.getStarted', language)
-                : (language === 'zh' ? '获取 API Key' : 'Get API Key')}
+                : t('modelConfig.getApiKey', language)}
             </span>
           </a>
         )}
@@ -539,7 +525,7 @@ function StandardProviderConfigForm({
             <path strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round" strokeWidth={2} d="M15 7a2 2 0 012 2m4 0a6 6 0 01-7.743 5.743L11 17H9v2H7v2H4a1 1 0 01-1-1v-2.586a1 1 0 01.293-.707l5.964-5.964A6 6 0 1121 9z" />
           </svg>
           {selectedModel.provider?.startsWith('blockrun')
-            ? (language === 'zh' ? '钱包私钥 *' : 'Wallet Private Key *')
+            ? t('modelConfig.walletPrivateKeyLabel', language)
             : 'API Key *'}
         </label>
         <input
@@ -612,7 +598,7 @@ function StandardProviderConfigForm({
             <svg className="w-4 h-4" style={{ color: '#A78BFA' }} fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
               <path strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round" strokeWidth={2} d="M9.75 17L9 20l-1 1h8l-1-1-.75-3M3 13h18M5 17h14a2 2 0 002-2V5a2 2 0 00-2-2H5a2 2 0 00-2 2v10a2 2 0 002 2z" />
             </svg>
-            {language === 'zh' ? '选择模型' : 'Select Model'}
+            {t('modelConfig.selectModelLabel', language)}
           </label>
           <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-2">
             {BLOCKRUN_MODELS.map((m) => {
@@ -655,7 +641,7 @@ function StandardProviderConfigForm({
       {/* Buttons */}
       <div className="flex gap-3 pt-4">
         <button type="button" onClick={onBack} className="flex-1 px-4 py-3 rounded-xl text-sm font-semibold transition-all hover:bg-white/5" style={{ background: '#2B3139', color: '#848E9C' }}>
-          {editingModelId ? t('cancel', language) : (language === 'zh' ? '返回' : 'Back')}
+          {editingModelId ? t('cancel', language) : t('modelConfig.back', language)}
         </button>
         <button
           type="submit"

web/src/components/trader/TelegramConfigModal.tsx

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { Check, ChevronLeft, ExternalLink, MessageCircle, Unlink, ArrowRight } f
 import { toast } from 'sonner'
 import { api } from '../../lib/api'
 import type { TelegramConfig, AIModel } from '../../types'
-import type { Language } from '../../i18n/translations'
+import { t, type Language } from '../../i18n/translations'
 
 // Step indicator (reused pattern from ExchangeConfigModal)
 function StepIndicator({ currentStep, labels }: { currentStep: number; labels: string[] }) {
@@ -55,8 +55,6 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
   const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState(true)
   const [isUnbinding, setIsUnbinding] = useState(false)
 
-  const zh = language === 'zh'
-
   // Load current config and available models
   useEffect(() => {
     Promise.all([
@@ -84,20 +82,20 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
 
     // Basic format validation: looks like "123456789:ABCdef..."
     if (!/^\d+:[A-Za-z0-9_-]{35,}$/.test(token.trim())) {
-      toast.error(zh ? 'Bot Token 格式不正确，应为 "数字:字母数字串"' : 'Invalid Bot Token format. Expected "numbers:alphanumeric"')
+      toast.error(t('telegram.invalidTokenFormat', language))
       return
     }
 
     setIsSaving(true)
     try {
       await api.updateTelegramConfig(token.trim(), selectedModelId || undefined)
-      toast.success(zh ? 'Bot Token 已保存，等待绑定' : 'Bot Token saved, waiting for binding')
+      toast.success(t('telegram.tokenSaved', language))
       const updated = await api.getTelegramConfig()
       setConfig(updated)
       setToken('')
       setStep(1)
     } catch (err) {
-      toast.error(zh ? '保存失败，请检查 Token 是否正确' : 'Save failed, please verify the token')
+      toast.error(t('telegram.saveFailed', language))
     } finally {
       setIsSaving(false)
     }
@@ -108,33 +106,31 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
     setIsUnbinding(true)
     try {
       await api.unbindTelegram()
-      toast.success(zh ? '已解绑 Telegram 账号' : 'Telegram account unbound')
+      toast.success(t('telegram.unbound', language))
       const updated = await api.getTelegramConfig()
       setConfig(updated)
       setStep(updated.token_masked ? 1 : 0)
     } catch {
-      toast.error(zh ? '解绑失败' : 'Unbind failed')
+      toast.error(t('telegram.unbindFailed', language))
     } finally {
       setIsUnbinding(false)
     }
   }
 
-  const stepLabels = zh
+  const stepLabels = [t('telegram.createBot', language), t('telegram.bindAccount', language), t('telegram.done', language)]
-    ? ['创建 Bot', '绑定账号', '完成']
-    : ['Create Bot', 'Bind Account', 'Done']
 
   // Model selector shared between steps
   const ModelSelector = () => (
     <div className="space-y-2">
       <label className="text-sm font-semibold" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-        {zh ? '选择 AI 模型（可选）' : 'Select AI Model (optional)'}
+        {t('telegram.selectAiModel', language)}
       </label>
       {models.length === 0 ? (
         <div
           className="px-4 py-3 rounded-xl text-xs"
           style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #2B3139', color: '#848E9C' }}
         >
-          {zh ? '暂无启用的模型，请先在「AI 模型」中配置' : 'No enabled models. Configure one in AI Models first.'}
+          {t('telegram.noEnabledModels', language)}
         </div>
       ) : (
         <select
@@ -147,7 +143,7 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
             color: selectedModelId ? '#EAECEF' : '#848E9C',
           }}
         >
-          <option value="">{zh ? '— 自动选择（推荐）' : '— Auto-select (recommended)'}</option>
+          <option value="">{t('telegram.autoSelect', language)}</option>
           {models.map((m) => (
             <option key={m.id} value={m.id}>
               {m.name} ({m.provider}{m.customModelName ? ` · ${m.customModelName}` : ''})
@@ -156,9 +152,7 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
         </select>
       )}
       <div className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-        {zh
+        {t('telegram.autoUseEnabled', language)}
-          ? '不选则自动使用已启用的模型'
-          : 'Leave blank to auto-use any enabled model'}
       </div>
     </div>
   )
@@ -184,7 +178,7 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
               <MessageCircle className="w-6 h-6" style={{ color: '#2AABEE' }} />
               <h3 className="text-xl font-bold" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-                {zh ? 'Telegram Bot 配置' : 'Telegram Bot Setup'}
+                {t('telegram.botSetup', language)}
               </h3>
             </div>
           </div>
@@ -207,7 +201,7 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
         <div className="px-6 pb-6 space-y-5">
           {isLoading ? (
             <div className="text-center py-8 text-zinc-500 text-sm font-mono">
-              {zh ? '加载中...' : 'Loading...'}
+              {t('telegram.loading', language)}
             </div>
           ) : (
             <>
@@ -222,13 +216,13 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
                       <span className="text-2xl">🤖</span>
                       <div>
                         <div className="font-semibold mb-1" style={{ color: '#2AABEE' }}>
-                          {zh ? '第一步：在 Telegram 创建你的 Bot' : 'Step 1: Create your Bot in Telegram'}
+                          {t('telegram.step1Title', language)}
                         </div>
                         <div className="text-xs space-y-1" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                          <div>1. {zh ? '打开 Telegram，搜索' : 'Open Telegram, search for'} <code className="text-blue-400">@BotFather</code></div>
+                          <div>1. {t('telegram.step1Desc1', language)} <code className="text-blue-400">@BotFather</code></div>
-                          <div>2. {zh ? '发送' : 'Send'} <code className="text-blue-400">/newbot</code> {zh ? '命令' : 'command'}</div>
+                          <div>2. {t('telegram.step1Desc2', language)} <code className="text-blue-400">/newbot</code> {t('telegram.step1Desc2Suffix', language)}</div>
-                          <div>3. {zh ? '按提示输入 Bot 名称和用户名' : 'Follow prompts to set bot name and username'}</div>
+                          <div>3. {t('telegram.step1Desc3', language)}</div>
-                          <div>4. {zh ? 'BotFather 会返回一个 Token，复制它' : 'BotFather will return a Token, copy it'}</div>
+                          <div>4. {t('telegram.step1Desc4', language)}</div>
                         </div>
                       </div>
                     </div>
@@ -242,12 +236,12 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
                     style={{ background: '#2AABEE', color: '#000' }}
                   >
                     <ExternalLink className="w-4 h-4" />
-                    {zh ? '打开 @BotFather' : 'Open @BotFather'}
+                    {t('telegram.openBotFather', language)}
                   </a>
 
                   <div className="space-y-2">
                     <label className="text-sm font-semibold" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-                      {zh ? '粘贴 Bot Token' : 'Paste Bot Token'}
+                      {t('telegram.pasteToken', language)}
                     </label>
                     <input
                       type="password"
@@ -258,7 +252,7 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
                       style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #2B3139', color: '#EAECEF' }}
                     />
                     <div className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                      {zh ? 'Token 格式：数字:字母数字串，如 123456789:ABCdef...' : 'Format: numbers:alphanumeric, e.g. 123456789:ABCdef...'}
+                      {t('telegram.tokenFormat', language)}
                     </div>
                   </div>
 
@@ -271,8 +265,8 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
                     style={{ background: '#2AABEE', color: '#000' }}
                   >
                     {isSaving
-                      ? (zh ? '保存中...' : 'Saving...')
+                      ? t('telegram.savingToken', language)
-                      : (<>{zh ? '保存并继续' : 'Save & Continue'} <ArrowRight className="w-4 h-4" /></>)
+                      : (<>{t('telegram.saveAndContinue', language)} <ArrowRight className="w-4 h-4" /></>)
                     }
                   </button>
                 </div>
@@ -289,12 +283,12 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
                       <span className="text-2xl">📱</span>
                       <div>
                         <div className="font-semibold mb-1" style={{ color: '#0ECB81' }}>
-                          {zh ? '第二步：向你的 Bot 发送 /start' : 'Step 2: Send /start to your Bot'}
+                          {t('telegram.step2Title', language)}
                         </div>
                         <div className="text-xs space-y-1" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                          <div>1. {zh ? '在 Telegram 中搜索你刚创建的 Bot' : 'Search for your newly created Bot in Telegram'}</div>
+                          <div>1. {t('telegram.step2Desc1', language)}</div>
-                          <div>2. {zh ? '点击 Start 或发送' : 'Click Start or send'} <code className="text-green-400">/start</code></div>
+                          <div>2. {t('telegram.step2Desc2', language)} <code className="text-green-400">/start</code></div>
-                          <div>3. {zh ? 'Bot 会自动绑定到你的账号' : 'Bot will automatically bind to your account'}</div>
+                          <div>3. {t('telegram.step2Desc3', language)}</div>
                         </div>
                       </div>
                     </div>
@@ -308,7 +302,7 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
                       <div className="w-2 h-2 rounded-full bg-yellow-500 animate-pulse flex-shrink-0" />
                       <div>
                         <div className="text-xs font-mono" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                          {zh ? '当前 Token' : 'Current Token'}
+                          {t('telegram.currentToken', language)}
                         </div>
                         <div className="text-sm font-mono" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
                           {config.token_masked}
@@ -322,9 +316,7 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
                     style={{ background: 'rgba(240, 185, 11, 0.08)', border: '1px solid rgba(240, 185, 11, 0.2)' }}
                   >
                     <div className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }}>
-                      {zh
+                      {t('telegram.waitingForStart', language)}
-                        ? '⏳ 等待你发送 /start... 发送后刷新页面查看状态'
-                        : '⏳ Waiting for you to send /start... Refresh page after sending'}
                     </div>
                   </div>
 
@@ -334,7 +326,7 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
                       className="flex-1 px-4 py-3 rounded-xl text-sm font-semibold transition-all hover:bg-white/5"
                       style={{ background: '#2B3139', color: '#848E9C' }}
                     >
-                      {zh ? '重新配置 Token' : 'Reconfigure Token'}
+                      {t('telegram.reconfigureToken', language)}
                     </button>
                     <button
                       onClick={async () => {
@@ -343,19 +335,19 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
                           setConfig(updated)
                           if (updated.is_bound) {
                             setStep(2)
-                            toast.success(zh ? '绑定成功！' : 'Bound successfully!')
+                            toast.success(t('telegram.bindSuccess', language))
                           } else {
-                            toast.info(zh ? '尚未收到 /start，请先向 Bot 发送 /start' : 'No /start received yet. Please send /start to your Bot first')
+                            toast.info(t('telegram.noStartReceived', language))
                           }
                         } catch {
-                          toast.error(zh ? '检查失败' : 'Check failed')
+                          toast.error(t('telegram.checkFailed', language))
                         }
                       }}
                       className="flex-1 flex items-center justify-center gap-2 px-4 py-3 rounded-xl text-sm font-bold transition-all hover:scale-[1.02]"
                       style={{ background: '#0ECB81', color: '#000' }}
                     >
                       <Check className="w-4 h-4" />
-                      {zh ? '检查绑定状态' : 'Check Status'}
+                      {t('telegram.checkStatus', language)}
                     </button>
                   </div>
                 </div>
@@ -370,12 +362,10 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
                   >
                     <div className="text-4xl">🎉</div>
                     <div className="font-bold text-lg" style={{ color: '#0ECB81' }}>
-                      {zh ? 'Telegram Bot 已绑定！' : 'Telegram Bot is Active!'}
+                      {t('telegram.botActive', language)}
                     </div>
                     <div className="text-xs" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                      {zh
+                      {t('telegram.botActiveDesc', language)}
-                        ? '你现在可以通过 Telegram 用自然语言控制交易系统'
-                        : 'You can now control the trading system via natural language in Telegram'}
                     </div>
                   </div>
 
@@ -387,7 +377,7 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
                       <div className="w-2 h-2 rounded-full bg-green-500 flex-shrink-0" />
                       <div className="min-w-0">
                         <div className="text-xs font-mono" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                          {zh ? 'Bot Token' : 'Bot Token'}
+                          Bot Token
                         </div>
                         <div className="text-sm font-mono truncate" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
                           {config.token_masked}
@@ -398,7 +388,7 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
 
                   {/* AI Model selector — works on active bot */}
                   <BoundModelSelector
-                    zh={zh}
+                    language={language}
                     models={models}
                     currentModelId={config?.model_id ?? ''}
                     onSaved={(modelId) => {
@@ -412,14 +402,14 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
                     style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #2B3139' }}
                   >
                     <div className="text-xs font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-                      {zh ? '支持的命令' : 'Supported Commands'}
+                      {t('telegram.supportedCommands', language)}
                     </div>
                     {[
-                      { cmd: '/help', desc: zh ? '查看所有命令' : 'Show all commands' },
+                      { cmd: '/help', desc: t('telegram.cmdHelp', language) },
-                      { cmd: zh ? '查看交易员状态' : 'Show trader status', desc: zh ? '自然语言查询' : 'Natural language' },
+                      { cmd: t('telegram.cmdStatus', language), desc: t('telegram.cmdNaturalLang', language) },
-                      { cmd: zh ? '启动/停止交易员' : 'Start/stop trader', desc: zh ? '自然语言控制' : 'Natural language control' },
+                      { cmd: t('telegram.cmdStartStop', language), desc: t('telegram.cmdControl', language) },
-                      { cmd: zh ? '查看持仓' : 'View positions', desc: zh ? '实时持仓查询' : 'Real-time position query' },
+                      { cmd: t('telegram.cmdPositions', language), desc: t('telegram.cmdPositionsDesc', language) },
-                      { cmd: zh ? '配置策略' : 'Configure strategy', desc: zh ? '修改交易策略' : 'Modify trading strategy' },
+                      { cmd: t('telegram.cmdStrategy', language), desc: t('telegram.cmdStrategyDesc', language) },
                     ].map((item, i) => (
                       <div key={i} className="flex items-start gap-2 text-xs">
                         <code className="font-mono px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded flex-shrink-0" style={{ background: '#1E2329', color: '#2AABEE' }}>
@@ -438,14 +428,14 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
                       style={{ background: 'rgba(246, 70, 93, 0.1)', color: '#F6465D', border: '1px solid rgba(246, 70, 93, 0.2)' }}
                     >
                       <Unlink className="w-4 h-4" />
-                      {isUnbinding ? (zh ? '解绑中...' : 'Unbinding...') : (zh ? '解绑账号' : 'Unbind Account')}
+                      {isUnbinding ? t('telegram.unbinding', language) : t('telegram.unbindAccount', language)}
                     </button>
                     <button
                       onClick={onClose}
                       className="flex-1 px-4 py-3 rounded-xl text-sm font-bold transition-all hover:scale-[1.02]"
                       style={{ background: '#2AABEE', color: '#000' }}
                     >
-                      {zh ? '完成' : 'Done'}
+                      {t('telegram.done', language)}
                     </button>
                   </div>
                 </div>
@@ -461,12 +451,12 @@ export function TelegramConfigModal({ onClose, language }: TelegramConfigModalPr
 // BoundModelSelector — lets the user change the AI model when the bot is already active.
 // It updates the model_id without requiring re-entry of the bot token.
 function BoundModelSelector({
-  zh,
+  language,
   models,
   currentModelId,
   onSaved,
 }: {
-  zh: boolean
+  language: Language
   models: AIModel[]
   currentModelId: string
   onSaved: (modelId: string) => void
@@ -483,9 +473,9 @@ function BoundModelSelector({
       // POST /api/telegram/model — lightweight endpoint for model-only update
       await api.updateTelegramModel(modelId)
       onSaved(modelId)
-      toast.success(zh ? 'AI 模型已更新' : 'AI model updated')
+      toast.success(t('telegram.modelUpdated', language))
     } catch {
-      toast.error(zh ? '更新失败' : 'Update failed')
+      toast.error(t('telegram.modelUpdateFailed', language))
     } finally {
       setIsSaving(false)
     }
@@ -496,7 +486,7 @@ function BoundModelSelector({
   return (
     <div className="space-y-2">
       <label className="text-sm font-semibold" style={{ color: '#EAECEF' }}>
-        {zh ? 'AI 模型（用于自然语言解析）' : 'AI Model (for natural language)'}
+        {t('telegram.aiModelLabel', language)}
       </label>
       <div className="flex gap-2">
         <select
@@ -509,7 +499,7 @@ function BoundModelSelector({
             color: modelId ? '#EAECEF' : '#848E9C',
           }}
         >
-          <option value="">{zh ? '— 自动选择' : '— Auto-select'}</option>
+          <option value="">{t('telegram.aiModelAutoSelect', language)}</option>
           {models.map((m) => (
             <option key={m.id} value={m.id}>
               {m.name}{m.customModelName ? ` · ${m.customModelName}` : ''}
@@ -522,7 +512,7 @@ function BoundModelSelector({
           className="px-4 py-2.5 rounded-xl text-sm font-bold transition-all hover:scale-[1.02] disabled:opacity-40 disabled:cursor-not-allowed"
           style={{ background: '#F0B90B', color: '#000', whiteSpace: 'nowrap' }}
         >
-          {isSaving ? '...' : (zh ? '保存' : 'Save')}
+          {isSaving ? '...' : t('telegram.save', language)}
         </button>
       </div>
     </div>

web/src/components/trader/TraderConfigViewModal.tsx

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import type { TraderConfigData } from '../../types'
+import { t } from '../../i18n/translations'
+import { useLanguage } from '../../contexts/LanguageContext'
 import { PunkAvatar, getTraderAvatar } from '../common/PunkAvatar'
 
-// 提取下划线后面的名称部分
+// Extract the name part after the last underscore
 function getShortName(fullName: string): string {
   const parts = fullName.split('_')
   return parts.length > 1 ? parts[parts.length - 1] : fullName
@@ -18,6 +20,7 @@ export function TraderConfigViewModal({
   onClose,
   traderData,
 }: TraderConfigViewModalProps) {
+  const { language } = useLanguage()
   if (!isOpen || !traderData) return null
 
   const InfoRow = ({
@@ -30,7 +33,7 @@ export function TraderConfigViewModal({
     <div className="flex justify-between items-start py-2 border-b border-[#2B3139] last:border-b-0">
       <span className="text-sm text-[#848E9C] font-medium">{label}</span>
       <span className="text-sm text-[#EAECEF] font-mono text-right">
-        {typeof value === 'boolean' ? (value ? '是' : '否') : value}
+        {typeof value === 'boolean' ? (value ? t('traderConfigView.yes', language) : t('traderConfigView.no', language)) : value}
       </span>
     </div>
   )
@@ -50,9 +53,9 @@ export function TraderConfigViewModal({
               className="rounded-lg"
             />
             <div>
-              <h2 className="text-xl font-bold text-[#EAECEF]">交易员配置</h2>
+              <h2 className="text-xl font-bold text-[#EAECEF]">{t('traderConfigView.traderConfig', language)}</h2>
               <p className="text-sm text-[#848E9C] mt-1">
-                {traderData.trader_name} 的配置信息
+                {t('traderConfigView.configInfo', language, { name: traderData.trader_name })}
               </p>
             </div>
           </div>
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ export function TraderConfigViewModal({
               }
             >
               <span>{traderData.is_running ? '●' : '○'}</span>
-              {traderData.is_running ? '运行中' : '已停止'}
+              {traderData.is_running ? t('traderConfigView.running', language) : t('traderConfigView.stopped', language)}
             </div>
             <button
               onClick={onClose}
@@ -83,32 +86,32 @@ export function TraderConfigViewModal({
           {/* Basic Info */}
           <div className="bg-[#0B0E11] border border-[#2B3139] rounded-lg p-5">
             <h3 className="text-lg font-semibold text-[#EAECEF] mb-4 flex items-center gap-2">
-              🤖 基础信息
+              {'🤖 ' + t('traderConfigView.basicInfo', language)}
             </h3>
             <div className="space-y-3">
               <InfoRow
-                label="交易员名称"
+                label={t('traderConfigView.traderName', language)}
                 value={traderData.trader_name}
               />
               <InfoRow
-                label="AI模型"
+                label={t('traderConfigView.aiModel', language)}
                 value={getShortName(traderData.ai_model).toUpperCase()}
               />
               <InfoRow
-                label="交易所"
+                label={t('traderConfigView.exchange', language)}
                 value={getShortName(traderData.exchange_id).toUpperCase()}
               />
               <InfoRow
-                label="初始余额"
+                label={t('traderConfigView.initialBalance', language)}
                 value={`$${traderData.initial_balance.toLocaleString()}`}
               />
               <InfoRow
-                label="保证金模式"
+                label={t('traderConfigView.marginMode', language)}
-                value={traderData.is_cross_margin ? '全仓' : '逐仓'}
+                value={traderData.is_cross_margin ? t('traderConfigView.crossMargin', language) : t('traderConfigView.isolatedMargin', language)}
               />
               <InfoRow
-                label="扫描间隔"
+                label={t('traderConfigView.scanIntervalLabel', language)}
-                value={`${traderData.scan_interval_minutes || 3} 分钟`}
+                value={t('traderConfigView.scanInterval', language, { minutes: traderData.scan_interval_minutes || 3 })}
               />
             </div>
           </div>
@@ -117,11 +120,11 @@ export function TraderConfigViewModal({
           {traderData.strategy_id && (
             <div className="bg-[#0B0E11] border border-[#2B3139] rounded-lg p-5">
               <h3 className="text-lg font-semibold text-[#EAECEF] mb-4 flex items-center gap-2">
-                📋 使用策略
+                {'📋 ' + t('traderConfigView.strategyUsed', language)}
               </h3>
               <div className="space-y-3">
                 <InfoRow
-                  label="策略名称"
+                  label={t('traderConfigView.strategyName', language)}
                   value={traderData.strategy_name || traderData.strategy_id}
                 />
               </div>
@@ -135,7 +138,7 @@ export function TraderConfigViewModal({
             onClick={onClose}
             className="px-6 py-3 bg-[#2B3139] text-[#EAECEF] rounded-lg hover:bg-[#404750] transition-all duration-200 border border-[#404750]"
           >
-            关闭
+            {t('traderConfigView.close', language)}
           </button>
         </div>
       </div>

web/src/contexts/AuthContext.tsx

@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ export function AuthProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
     // Reset 401 flag on page load to allow fresh 401 handling
     reset401Flag()
 
-    // 先检查是否为管理员模式（使用带缓存的系统配置获取）
+    // Check if admin mode is active (uses cached system config)
     getSystemConfig()
       .then(() => {
-        // 不再在管理员模式下模拟登录；统一检查本地存储
+        // No longer simulate login in admin mode; check local storage uniformly
         const savedToken = localStorage.getItem('auth_token')
         const savedUser = localStorage.getItem('auth_user')
         if (savedToken && savedUser) {
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ export function AuthProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
       })
       .catch((err) => {
         console.error('Failed to fetch system config:', err)
-        // 发生错误时，继续检查本地存储
+        // On error, continue checking local storage
         const savedToken = localStorage.getItem('auth_token')
         const savedUser = localStorage.getItem('auth_user')
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ export function AuthProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
             window.history.pushState({}, '', returnUrl)
             window.dispatchEvent(new PopStateEvent('popstate'))
           } else {
-            // 跳转到配置页面
+            // Redirect to config page
             window.history.pushState({}, '', '/traders')
             window.dispatchEvent(new PopStateEvent('popstate'))
           }
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ export function AuthProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
         }
 
         // Unexpected success response
-        return { success: false, message: data.message || '登录响应异常' }
+        return { success: false, message: data.message || 'Unexpected login response' }
       } else {
         return {
           success: false,
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ export function AuthProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
         }
       }
     } catch (error) {
-      return { success: false, message: '登录失败，请重试' }
+      return { success: false, message: 'Login failed, please try again' }
     }
   }
 
@@ -168,16 +168,16 @@ export function AuthProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
           window.history.pushState({}, '', returnUrl)
           window.dispatchEvent(new PopStateEvent('popstate'))
         } else {
-          // 跳转到仪表盘
+          // Redirect to dashboard
           window.history.pushState({}, '', '/dashboard')
           window.dispatchEvent(new PopStateEvent('popstate'))
         }
         return { success: true }
       } else {
-        return { success: false, message: data.error || '登录失败' }
+        return { success: false, message: data.error || 'Login failed' }
       }
     } catch (e) {
-      return { success: false, message: '登录失败，请重试' }
+      return { success: false, message: 'Login failed, please try again' }
     }
   }
 
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ export function AuthProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
           window.history.pushState({}, '', returnUrl)
           window.dispatchEvent(new PopStateEvent('popstate'))
         } else {
-          // 跳转到配置页面
+          // Redirect to config page
           window.history.pushState({}, '', '/traders')
           window.dispatchEvent(new PopStateEvent('popstate'))
         }
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ export function AuthProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
         return { success: false, message: data.error }
       }
     } catch (error) {
-      return { success: false, message: '密码重置失败，请重试' }
+      return { success: false, message: 'Password reset failed, please try again' }
     }
   }
 

web/src/i18n/strategy-translations.ts

@@ -31,6 +31,20 @@ export const coinSource = {
   excludedCoinsDesc: { zh: '这些币种将从所有数据源中排除，不会被交易', en: 'These coins will be excluded from all sources and will not be traded', es: 'Estas monedas serán excluidas de todas las fuentes' },
   addExcludedCoin: { zh: '添加排除', en: 'Add Excluded', es: 'Agregar Excluida' },
   nofxosNote: { zh: '使用 NofxOS API Key（在指标配置中设置）', en: 'Uses NofxOS API Key (set in Indicators config)', es: 'Usa API Key de NofxOS' },
+  ai500Desc: { zh: '使用 AI500 智能筛选的热门币种', en: 'Use AI500 smart-filtered popular coins', es: 'Monedas filtradas por AI500' },
+  oiTopDesc: { zh: '持仓增加榜，适合做多', en: 'OI increase ranking, for long', es: 'Ranking OI creciente, para largo' },
+  oi_lowDesc: { zh: '持仓减少榜，适合做空', en: 'OI decrease ranking, for short', es: 'Ranking OI decreciente, para corto' },
+  mixedDesc: { zh: '组合多种数据源', en: 'Combine multiple sources', es: 'Combinar fuentes múltiples' },
+  oiIncreaseShort: { zh: 'OI增', en: 'OI↑', es: 'OI↑' },
+  oiDecreaseShort: { zh: 'OI减', en: 'OI↓', es: 'OI↓' },
+  custom: { zh: '自定义', en: 'Custom', es: 'Personalizado' },
+  excludedNone: { zh: '无', en: 'None', es: 'Ninguno' },
+  oiIncreaseTitle: { zh: 'OI 持仓增加榜', en: 'OI Increase', es: 'OI Aumento' },
+  oiDecreaseTitle: { zh: 'OI 持仓减少榜', en: 'OI Decrease', es: 'OI Disminución' },
+  oiIncreaseLabel: { zh: 'OI 增加', en: 'OI Increase', es: 'OI Aumento' },
+  forLong: { zh: '适合做多', en: 'For long', es: 'Para largo' },
+  oiDecreaseLabel: { zh: 'OI 减少', en: 'OI Decrease', es: 'OI Disminución' },
+  forShort: { zh: '适合做空', en: 'For short', es: 'Para corto' },
 };
 
 // ============================================================================
@@ -83,6 +97,8 @@ export const gridConfig = {
   modeLong: { zh: '全多：100%买 + 0%卖', en: 'Long: 100% buy + 0% sell', es: 'Largo: 100% compra' },
   modeShortBias: { zh: '偏空：(100-X)%买 + X%卖', en: 'Short Bias: (100-X)% buy + X% sell', es: 'Sesgo Corto: X% venta' },
   modeShort: { zh: '全空：0%买 + 100%卖', en: 'Short: 0% buy + 100% sell', es: 'Corto: 100% venta' },
+  buy: { zh: '买', en: 'buy', es: 'compra' },
+  sell: { zh: '卖', en: 'sell', es: 'venta' },
 };
 
 // ============================================================================
@@ -172,6 +188,7 @@ export const promptSections = {
   decisionProcessDesc: { zh: '设定决策步骤和思考流程', en: 'Set decision steps and thinking process', es: 'Establecer proceso' },
   resetToDefault: { zh: '重置为默认', en: 'Reset to Default', es: 'Restablecer' },
   chars: { zh: '字符', en: 'chars', es: 'caracteres' },
+  modified: { zh: '已修改', en: 'Modified', es: 'Modificado' },
 };
 
 // ============================================================================
@@ -235,6 +252,7 @@ export const indicator = {
   connected: { zh: '已配置', en: 'Configured', es: 'Configurado' },
   notConfigured: { zh: '未配置', en: 'Not Configured', es: 'No Configurado' },
   nofxosDataSources: { zh: 'NofxOS 数据源', en: 'NofxOS Data Sources', es: 'Fuentes NofxOS' },
+  configureApiKey: { zh: '请配置 API Key 以启用 NofxOS 数据源', en: 'Please configure API Key to enable NofxOS data sources', es: 'Configure API Key para habilitar NofxOS' },
 };
 
 // ============================================================================
@@ -262,6 +280,14 @@ export const chartTabs = {
   hyperliquid: { zh: 'HL', en: 'HL', es: 'HL' },
 };
 
+// ============================================================================
+// HELPER FUNCTION
+// ============================================================================
+
+export function ts(entry: { zh: string; en: string; [k: string]: string }, lang: string): string {
+  return entry[lang] ?? entry.en ?? ''
+}
+
 // ============================================================================
 // AGGREGATED EXPORTS FOR TRANSLATIONS.TS
 // ============================================================================

web/src/lib/api/backtest.ts

@@ -183,13 +183,13 @@ export const backtestApi = {
       try {
         const data = text ? JSON.parse(text) : null
         throw new Error(
-          data?.error || data?.message || text || '导出失败，请稍后再试'
+          data?.error || data?.message || text || 'Export failed, please try again later'
         )
       } catch (err) {
         if (err instanceof Error && err.message) {
           throw err
         }
-        throw new Error(text || '导出失败，请稍后再试')
+        throw new Error(text || 'Export failed, please try again later')
       }
     }
     return res.blob()

web/src/lib/api/config.ts

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import { API_BASE, httpClient, CryptoService } from './helpers'
 export const configApi = {
   async getModelConfigs(): Promise<AIModel[]> {
     const result = await httpClient.get<AIModel[]>(`${API_BASE}/models`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取模型配置失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch model configs')
     return Array.isArray(result.data) ? result.data : []
   },
 
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ export const configApi = {
     const result = await httpClient.get<AIModel[]>(
       `${API_BASE}/supported-models`
     )
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取支持的模型失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch supported models')
     return result.data!
   },
 
   async getPromptTemplates(): Promise<string[]> {
     const res = await fetch(`${API_BASE}/prompt-templates`)
-    if (!res.ok) throw new Error('获取提示词模板失败')
+    if (!res.ok) throw new Error('Failed to fetch prompt templates')
     const data = await res.json()
     if (Array.isArray(data.templates)) {
       return data.templates.map((item: { name: string }) => item.name)
@@ -33,41 +33,41 @@ export const configApi = {
   },
 
   async updateModelConfigs(request: UpdateModelConfigRequest): Promise<void> {
-    // 检查是否启用了传输加密
+    // Check if transport encryption is enabled
     const config = await CryptoService.fetchCryptoConfig()
 
     if (!config.transport_encryption) {
-      // 传输加密禁用时，直接发送明文
+      // Transport encryption disabled, send plaintext
       const result = await httpClient.put(`${API_BASE}/models`, request)
-      if (!result.success) throw new Error('更新模型配置失败')
+      if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to update model configs')
       return
     }
 
-    // 获取RSA公钥
+    // Fetch RSA public key
     const publicKey = await CryptoService.fetchPublicKey()
 
-    // 初始化加密服务
+    // Initialize crypto service
     await CryptoService.initialize(publicKey)
 
-    // 获取用户信息（从localStorage或其他地方）
+    // Get user info from localStorage
     const userId = localStorage.getItem('user_id') || ''
     const sessionId = sessionStorage.getItem('session_id') || ''
 
-    // 加密敏感数据
+    // Encrypt sensitive data
     const encryptedPayload = await CryptoService.encryptSensitiveData(
       JSON.stringify(request),
       userId,
       sessionId
     )
 
-    // 发送加密数据
+    // Send encrypted data
     const result = await httpClient.put(`${API_BASE}/models`, encryptedPayload)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('更新模型配置失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to update model configs')
   },
 
   async getExchangeConfigs(): Promise<Exchange[]> {
     const result = await httpClient.get<Exchange[]>(`${API_BASE}/exchanges`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取交易所配置失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch exchange configs')
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ export const configApi = {
     const result = await httpClient.get<Exchange[]>(
       `${API_BASE}/supported-exchanges`
     )
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取支持的交易所失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch supported exchanges')
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -83,93 +83,93 @@ export const configApi = {
     request: UpdateExchangeConfigRequest
   ): Promise<void> {
     const result = await httpClient.put(`${API_BASE}/exchanges`, request)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('更新交易所配置失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to update exchange configs')
   },
 
   async createExchange(request: CreateExchangeRequest): Promise<{ id: string }> {
     const result = await httpClient.post<{ id: string }>(`${API_BASE}/exchanges`, request)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('创建交易所账户失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to create exchange account')
     return result.data!
   },
 
   async createExchangeEncrypted(request: CreateExchangeRequest): Promise<{ id: string }> {
-    // 检查是否启用了传输加密
+    // Check if transport encryption is enabled
     const config = await CryptoService.fetchCryptoConfig()
 
     if (!config.transport_encryption) {
-      // 传输加密禁用时，直接发送明文
+      // Transport encryption disabled, send plaintext
       const result = await httpClient.post<{ id: string }>(`${API_BASE}/exchanges`, request)
-      if (!result.success) throw new Error('创建交易所账户失败')
+      if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to create exchange account')
       return result.data!
     }
 
-    // 获取RSA公钥
+    // Fetch RSA public key
     const publicKey = await CryptoService.fetchPublicKey()
 
-    // 初始化加密服务
+    // Initialize crypto service
     await CryptoService.initialize(publicKey)
 
-    // 获取用户信息
+    // Get user info
     const userId = localStorage.getItem('user_id') || ''
     const sessionId = sessionStorage.getItem('session_id') || ''
 
-    // 加密敏感数据
+    // Encrypt sensitive data
     const encryptedPayload = await CryptoService.encryptSensitiveData(
       JSON.stringify(request),
       userId,
       sessionId
     )
 
-    // 发送加密数据
+    // Send encrypted data
     const result = await httpClient.post<{ id: string }>(
       `${API_BASE}/exchanges`,
       encryptedPayload
     )
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('创建交易所账户失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to create exchange account')
     return result.data!
   },
 
   async deleteExchange(exchangeId: string): Promise<void> {
     const result = await httpClient.delete(`${API_BASE}/exchanges/${exchangeId}`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('删除交易所账户失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to delete exchange account')
   },
 
   async updateExchangeConfigsEncrypted(
     request: UpdateExchangeConfigRequest
   ): Promise<void> {
-    // 检查是否启用了传输加密
+    // Check if transport encryption is enabled
     const config = await CryptoService.fetchCryptoConfig()
 
     if (!config.transport_encryption) {
-      // 传输加密禁用时，直接发送明文
+      // Transport encryption disabled, send plaintext
       const result = await httpClient.put(`${API_BASE}/exchanges`, request)
-      if (!result.success) throw new Error('更新交易所配置失败')
+      if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to update exchange configs')
       return
     }
 
-    // 获取RSA公钥
+    // Fetch RSA public key
     const publicKey = await CryptoService.fetchPublicKey()
 
-    // 初始化加密服务
+    // Initialize crypto service
     await CryptoService.initialize(publicKey)
 
-    // 获取用户信息（从localStorage或其他地方）
+    // Get user info from localStorage
     const userId = localStorage.getItem('user_id') || ''
     const sessionId = sessionStorage.getItem('session_id') || ''
 
-    // 加密敏感数据
+    // Encrypt sensitive data
     const encryptedPayload = await CryptoService.encryptSensitiveData(
       JSON.stringify(request),
       userId,
       sessionId
     )
 
-    // 发送加密数据
+    // Send encrypted data
     const result = await httpClient.put(
       `${API_BASE}/exchanges`,
       encryptedPayload
     )
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('更新交易所配置失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to update exchange configs')
   },
 
   async getServerIP(): Promise<{
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ export const configApi = {
       public_ip: string
       message: string
     }>(`${API_BASE}/server-ip`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取服务器IP失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch server IP')
     return result.data!
   },
 }

web/src/lib/api/data.ts

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ export const dataApi = {
       ? `${API_BASE}/status?trader_id=${traderId}`
       : `${API_BASE}/status`
     const result = await httpClient.get<SystemStatus>(url)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取系统状态失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch system status')
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@ export const dataApi = {
       ? `${API_BASE}/account?trader_id=${traderId}`
       : `${API_BASE}/account`
     const result = await httpClient.get<AccountInfo>(url)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取账户信息失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch account info')
-    console.log('Account data fetched:', result.data)
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ export const dataApi = {
       ? `${API_BASE}/positions?trader_id=${traderId}`
       : `${API_BASE}/positions`
     const result = await httpClient.get<Position[]>(url)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取持仓列表失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch positions')
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ export const dataApi = {
       ? `${API_BASE}/decisions?trader_id=${traderId}`
       : `${API_BASE}/decisions`
     const result = await httpClient.get<DecisionRecord[]>(url)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取决策日志失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch decision logs')
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ export const dataApi = {
     const result = await httpClient.get<DecisionRecord[]>(
       `${API_BASE}/decisions/latest?${params}`
     )
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取最新决策失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch latest decisions')
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ export const dataApi = {
       ? `${API_BASE}/statistics?trader_id=${traderId}`
       : `${API_BASE}/statistics`
     const result = await httpClient.get<Statistics>(url)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取统计信息失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch statistics')
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ export const dataApi = {
       ? `${API_BASE}/equity-history?trader_id=${traderId}`
       : `${API_BASE}/equity-history`
     const result = await httpClient.get<any[]>(url)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取历史数据失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch equity history')
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -87,13 +86,13 @@ export const dataApi = {
       `${API_BASE}/equity-history-batch`,
       { trader_ids: traderIds, hours: hours || 0 }
     )
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取批量历史数据失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch batch equity history')
     return result.data!
   },
 
   async getTopTraders(): Promise<any[]> {
     const result = await httpClient.get<any[]>(`${API_BASE}/top-traders`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取前5名交易员失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch top traders')
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ export const dataApi = {
     const result = await httpClient.get<any>(
       `${API_BASE}/trader/${traderId}/config`
     )
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取公开交易员配置失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch public trader config')
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ export const dataApi = {
     const result = await httpClient.get<CompetitionData>(
       `${API_BASE}/competition`
     )
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取竞赛数据失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch competition data')
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -117,7 +116,7 @@ export const dataApi = {
     const result = await httpClient.get<PositionHistoryResponse>(
       `${API_BASE}/positions/history?trader_id=${traderId}&limit=${limit}`
     )
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取历史仓位失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch position history')
     return result.data!
   },
 }

web/src/lib/api/helpers.ts

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ export async function handleJSONResponse<T>(res: Response): Promise<T> {
     } catch {
       /* ignore JSON parse errors */
     }
-    throw new Error(message || '请求失败')
+    throw new Error(message || 'Request failed')
   }
   if (!text) {
     return {} as T

web/src/lib/api/strategies.ts

@@ -7,26 +7,26 @@ import { API_BASE, httpClient } from './helpers'
 export const strategyApi = {
   async getStrategies(): Promise<Strategy[]> {
     const result = await httpClient.get<{ strategies: Strategy[] }>(`${API_BASE}/strategies`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取策略列表失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch strategy list')
     const strategies = result.data?.strategies
     return Array.isArray(strategies) ? strategies : []
   },
 
   async getStrategy(strategyId: string): Promise<Strategy> {
     const result = await httpClient.get<Strategy>(`${API_BASE}/strategies/${strategyId}`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取策略失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch strategy')
     return result.data!
   },
 
   async getActiveStrategy(): Promise<Strategy> {
     const result = await httpClient.get<Strategy>(`${API_BASE}/strategies/active`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取激活策略失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch active strategy')
     return result.data!
   },
 
   async getDefaultStrategyConfig(): Promise<StrategyConfig> {
     const result = await httpClient.get<StrategyConfig>(`${API_BASE}/strategies/default-config`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取默认策略配置失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch default strategy config')
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ export const strategyApi = {
     config: StrategyConfig
   }): Promise<Strategy> {
     const result = await httpClient.post<Strategy>(`${API_BASE}/strategies`, data)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('创建策略失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to create strategy')
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -49,24 +49,24 @@ export const strategyApi = {
     }
   ): Promise<Strategy> {
     const result = await httpClient.put<Strategy>(`${API_BASE}/strategies/${strategyId}`, data)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('更新策略失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to update strategy')
     return result.data!
   },
 
   async deleteStrategy(strategyId: string): Promise<void> {
     const result = await httpClient.delete(`${API_BASE}/strategies/${strategyId}`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('删除策略失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to delete strategy')
   },
 
   async activateStrategy(strategyId: string): Promise<Strategy> {
     const result = await httpClient.post<Strategy>(`${API_BASE}/strategies/${strategyId}/activate`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('激活策略失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to activate strategy')
     return result.data!
   },
 
   async duplicateStrategy(strategyId: string): Promise<Strategy> {
     const result = await httpClient.post<Strategy>(`${API_BASE}/strategies/${strategyId}/duplicate`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('复制策略失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to duplicate strategy')
     return result.data!
   },
 }

web/src/lib/api/telegram.ts

@@ -4,22 +4,22 @@ import { API_BASE, httpClient } from './helpers'
 export const telegramApi = {
   async getTelegramConfig(): Promise<TelegramConfig> {
     const result = await httpClient.get<TelegramConfig>(`${API_BASE}/telegram`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取Telegram配置失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch Telegram config')
     return result.data!
   },
 
   async updateTelegramConfig(token: string, modelId?: string): Promise<void> {
     const result = await httpClient.post(`${API_BASE}/telegram`, { bot_token: token, model_id: modelId ?? '' })
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('保存Telegram配置失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to save Telegram config')
   },
 
   async unbindTelegram(): Promise<void> {
     const result = await httpClient.delete(`${API_BASE}/telegram/binding`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('解绑Telegram失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to unbind Telegram')
   },
 
   async updateTelegramModel(modelId: string): Promise<void> {
     const result = await httpClient.post(`${API_BASE}/telegram/model`, { model_id: modelId })
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('更新Telegram模型失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to update Telegram model')
   },
 }

web/src/lib/api/traders.ts

@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ import { API_BASE, httpClient } from './helpers'
 export const traderApi = {
   async getTraders(): Promise<TraderInfo[]> {
     const result = await httpClient.get<TraderInfo[]>(`${API_BASE}/my-traders`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取trader列表失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch trader list')
     return Array.isArray(result.data) ? result.data : []
   },
 
   async getPublicTraders(): Promise<any[]> {
     const result = await httpClient.get<any[]>(`${API_BASE}/traders`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取公开trader列表失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch public trader list')
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -23,25 +23,25 @@ export const traderApi = {
       `${API_BASE}/traders`,
       request
     )
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('创建交易员失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to create trader')
     return result.data!
   },
 
   async deleteTrader(traderId: string): Promise<void> {
     const result = await httpClient.delete(`${API_BASE}/traders/${traderId}`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('删除交易员失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to delete trader')
   },
 
   async startTrader(traderId: string): Promise<void> {
     const result = await httpClient.post(
       `${API_BASE}/traders/${traderId}/start`
     )
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('启动交易员失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to start trader')
   },
 
   async stopTrader(traderId: string): Promise<void> {
     const result = await httpClient.post(`${API_BASE}/traders/${traderId}/stop`)
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('停止交易员失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to stop trader')
   },
 
   async toggleCompetition(traderId: string, showInCompetition: boolean): Promise<void> {
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ export const traderApi = {
       `${API_BASE}/traders/${traderId}/competition`,
       { show_in_competition: showInCompetition }
     )
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('更新竞技场显示设置失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to update competition visibility')
   },
 
   async closePosition(traderId: string, symbol: string, side: string): Promise<{ message: string }> {
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ export const traderApi = {
       `${API_BASE}/traders/${traderId}/close-position`,
       { symbol, side }
     )
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('平仓失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to close position')
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -69,14 +69,14 @@ export const traderApi = {
       `${API_BASE}/traders/${traderId}/prompt`,
       { custom_prompt: customPrompt }
     )
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('更新自定义策略失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to update custom prompt')
   },
 
   async getTraderConfig(traderId: string): Promise<TraderConfigData> {
     const result = await httpClient.get<TraderConfigData>(
       `${API_BASE}/traders/${traderId}/config`
     )
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('获取交易员配置失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to fetch trader config')
     return result.data!
   },
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ export const traderApi = {
       `${API_BASE}/traders/${traderId}`,
       request
     )
-    if (!result.success) throw new Error('更新交易员失败')
+    if (!result.success) throw new Error('Failed to update trader')
     return result.data!
   },
 }

web/src/lib/clipboard.ts

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 import { notify } from './notify'
 
 /**
- * 复制文本到剪贴板，并显示轻量提示。
+ * Copy text to clipboard and show a toast notification.
  */
-export async function copyWithToast(text: string, successMsg = '已复制') {
+export async function copyWithToast(text: string, successMsg = 'Copied') {
   try {
     if (navigator?.clipboard?.writeText) {
       await navigator.clipboard.writeText(text)
     } else {
-      // 兼容降级：创建临时文本域执行复制
+      // Fallback: create temporary textarea for copy
       const el = document.createElement('textarea')
       el.value = text
       el.style.position = 'fixed'
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ export async function copyWithToast(text: string, successMsg = '已复制') {
     return true
   } catch (err) {
     console.error('Clipboard copy failed:', err)
-    notify.error('复制失败')
+    notify.error('Copy failed')
     return false
   }
 }

web/src/pages/DataPage.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { useLanguage } from '../contexts/LanguageContext'
+import { t } from '../i18n/translations'
 
 export function DataPage() {
   const { language } = useLanguage()
@@ -7,7 +8,7 @@ export function DataPage() {
     <div className="w-full h-[calc(100vh-64px)]">
       <iframe
         src="https://nofxos.ai/dashboard"
-        title={language === 'zh' ? '数据中心' : 'Data Center'}
+        title={t('dataCenter', language)}
         className="w-full h-full border-0"
         allow="fullscreen"
       />

web/src/pages/StrategyMarketPage.tsx

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import {
 import { useLanguage } from '../contexts/LanguageContext'
 import { useAuth } from '../contexts/AuthContext'
 import { toast } from 'sonner'
+import { t } from '../i18n/translations'
 import { DeepVoidBackground } from '../components/common/DeepVoidBackground'
 
 interface PublicStrategy {
@@ -106,88 +107,7 @@ export function StrategyMarketPage() {
   const [selectedCategory, setSelectedCategory] = useState<string>('all')
   const [copiedId, setCopiedId] = useState<string | null>(null)
 
-  const texts = {
+  const tr = (key: string) => t(`strategyMarket.${key}`, language)
-    zh: {
-      title: '策略市场',
-      subtitle: 'STRATEGY MARKETPLACE',
-      description: '发现、学习并复用社区精英交易员的策略配置',
-      search: '搜索参数...',
-      all: '全部协议',
-      popular: '热门配置',
-      recent: '最新提交',
-      myStrategies: '我的库',
-      noStrategies: '无信号',
-      noStrategiesDesc: '当前频段未检测到策略信号',
-      author: 'OPERATOR',
-      createdAt: 'TIMESTAMP',
-      viewConfig: 'DECRYPT CONFIG',
-      hideConfig: 'ENCRYPT',
-      copyConfig: 'CLONE CONFIG',
-      copied: 'COPIED',
-      configHidden: 'ENCRYPTED',
-      configHiddenDesc: '配置参数已加密',
-      indicators: 'INDICATORS',
-      maxPositions: 'POS_LIMIT',
-      maxLeverage: 'LEV_MAX',
-      shareYours: 'UPLOAD_STRATEGY',
-      makePublic: 'PUBLISH',
-      loading: 'INITIALIZING...'
-    },
-    en: {
-      title: 'STRATEGY MARKET',
-      subtitle: 'GLOBAL STRATEGY DATABASE',
-      description: 'Discover, analyze, and clone high-performance trading algorithms',
-      search: 'SEARCH PARAMETERS...',
-      all: 'ALL PROTOCOLS',
-      popular: 'TRENDING',
-      recent: 'LATEST',
-      myStrategies: 'MY LIBRARY',
-      noStrategies: 'NO SIGNAL',
-      noStrategiesDesc: 'No strategic signals detected in this frequency',
-      author: 'OPERATOR',
-      createdAt: 'TIMESTAMP',
-      viewConfig: 'DECRYPT CONFIG',
-      hideConfig: 'ENCRYPT',
-      copyConfig: 'CLONE CONFIG',
-      copied: 'COPIED',
-      configHidden: 'ENCRYPTED',
-      configHiddenDesc: 'Configuration parameters encrypted',
-      indicators: 'INDICATORS',
-      maxPositions: 'POS_LIMIT',
-      maxLeverage: 'LEV_MAX',
-      shareYours: 'UPLOAD_STRATEGY',
-      makePublic: 'PUBLISH',
-      loading: 'INITIALIZING...'
-    },
-    id: {
-      title: 'PASAR STRATEGI',
-      subtitle: 'DATABASE STRATEGI GLOBAL',
-      description: 'Temukan, analisis, dan kloning algoritma trading berperforma tinggi',
-      search: 'CARI PARAMETER...',
-      all: 'SEMUA PROTOKOL',
-      popular: 'TREN',
-      recent: 'TERBARU',
-      myStrategies: 'PERPUSTAKAAN SAYA',
-      noStrategies: 'TIDAK ADA SINYAL',
-      noStrategiesDesc: 'Tidak ada sinyal strategis terdeteksi pada frekuensi ini',
-      author: 'OPERATOR',
-      createdAt: 'TIMESTAMP',
-      viewConfig: 'DEKRIPSI CONFIG',
-      hideConfig: 'ENKRIPSI',
-      copyConfig: 'KLON CONFIG',
-      copied: 'DISALIN',
-      configHidden: 'TERENKRIPSI',
-      configHiddenDesc: 'Parameter konfigurasi terenkripsi',
-      indicators: 'INDIKATOR',
-      maxPositions: 'BATAS_POS',
-      maxLeverage: 'LEV_MAKS',
-      shareYours: 'UNGGAH_STRATEGI',
-      makePublic: 'PUBLIKASI',
-      loading: 'MENGINISIALISASI...'
-    }
-  }
-
-  const t = texts[language]
 
   // Fetch public strategies
   const { data: strategies, isLoading } = useSWR<PublicStrategy[]>(
@@ -218,7 +138,7 @@ export function StrategyMarketPage() {
     try {
       await navigator.clipboard.writeText(JSON.stringify(strategy.config, null, 2))
       setCopiedId(strategy.id)
-      toast.success(t.copied)
+      toast.success(tr('copied'))
       setTimeout(() => setCopiedId(null), 2000)
     } catch (err) {
       console.error('Failed to copy:', err)
@@ -271,16 +191,16 @@ export function StrategyMarketPage() {
                 <Database className="w-8 h-8 text-nofx-gold relative z-10" />
               </div>
               <div>
-                <h1 className="text-4xl font-bold tracking-tighter text-white uppercase glitch-text" data-text={t.title}>
+                <h1 className="text-4xl font-bold tracking-tighter text-white uppercase glitch-text" data-text={tr('title')}>
-                  {t.title}
+                  {tr('title')}
                 </h1>
                 <p className="text-xs text-nofx-gold tracking-[0.3em] font-bold mt-1">
-                // {t.subtitle}
+                // {tr('subtitle')}
                 </p>
               </div>
             </div>
             <p className="text-sm text-zinc-500 max-w-2xl border-l-2 border-zinc-800 pl-4">
-              {t.description}
+              {tr('description')}
             </p>
           </div>
 
@@ -295,7 +215,7 @@ export function StrategyMarketPage() {
                 </div>
                 <input
                   type="text"
-                  placeholder={t.search}
+                  placeholder={tr('search')}
                   value={searchQuery}
                   onChange={(e) => setSearchQuery(e.target.value)}
                   className="w-full bg-transparent py-3 text-sm focus:outline-none placeholder-zinc-700 text-nofx-gold font-mono"
@@ -324,7 +244,7 @@ export function StrategyMarketPage() {
                       transition={{ type: "spring", bounce: 0.2, duration: 0.6 }}
                     />
                   )}
-                  <span className="relative z-10">{t[cat as keyof typeof t]}</span>
+                  <span className="relative z-10">{tr(cat)}</span>
                 </button>
               ))}
             </div>
@@ -340,7 +260,7 @@ export function StrategyMarketPage() {
                   <Cpu size={24} className="text-nofx-gold/50" />
                 </div>
               </div>
-              <p className="text-nofx-gold text-xs tracking-widest animate-pulse">{t.loading}</p>
+              <p className="text-nofx-gold text-xs tracking-widest animate-pulse">{tr('loading')}</p>
               <div className="flex gap-1">
                 <div className="w-1 h-1 bg-nofx-gold rounded-full animate-bounce" style={{ animationDelay: '0s' }}></div>
                 <div className="w-1 h-1 bg-nofx-gold rounded-full animate-bounce" style={{ animationDelay: '0.2s' }}></div>
@@ -357,9 +277,9 @@ export function StrategyMarketPage() {
                 <Activity className="w-16 h-16 text-zinc-700 relative z-10" />
               </div>
               <h3 className="text-xl font-bold text-zinc-300 font-mono tracking-tight mb-2">
-                [{t.noStrategies}]
+                [{tr('noStrategies')}]
               </h3>
-              <p className="text-zinc-600 text-xs tracking-wide uppercase">{t.noStrategiesDesc}</p>
+              <p className="text-zinc-600 text-xs tracking-wide uppercase">{tr('noStrategiesDesc')}</p>
             </div>
           )}
 
@@ -423,11 +343,11 @@ export function StrategyMarketPage() {
                         {/* Meta Data */}
                         <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-y-2 mb-6 text-[10px] font-mono text-zinc-600">
                           <div className="flex flex-col">
-                            <span className="text-zinc-700 uppercase">{t.author}</span>
+                            <span className="text-zinc-700 uppercase">{tr('author')}</span>
                             <span className="text-zinc-400 group-hover:text-white transition-colors">@{strategy.author_email?.split('@')[0] || 'UNKNOWN'}</span>
                           </div>
                           <div className="flex flex-col text-right">
-                            <span className="text-zinc-700 uppercase">{t.createdAt}</span>
+                            <span className="text-zinc-700 uppercase">{tr('createdAt')}</span>
                             <span className="text-zinc-400">{formatDate(strategy.created_at)}</span>
                           </div>
                         </div>
@@ -468,7 +388,7 @@ export function StrategyMarketPage() {
                           ) : (
                             <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center h-full text-zinc-600">
                               <EyeOff size={16} className="mb-1 opacity-50" />
-                              <span className="text-[9px] uppercase tracking-widest">{t.configHiddenDesc}</span>
+                              <span className="text-[9px] uppercase tracking-widest">{tr('configHiddenDesc')}</span>
                             </div>
                           )}
                         </div>
@@ -483,19 +403,19 @@ export function StrategyMarketPage() {
                               {copiedId === strategy.id ? (
                                 <>
                                   <Check className="w-3 h-3 text-emerald-500" />
-                                  <span className="text-emerald-500">{t.copied}</span>
+                                  <span className="text-emerald-500">{tr('copied')}</span>
                                 </>
                               ) : (
                                 <>
                                   <Copy className="w-3 h-3 group-hover/btn:scale-110 transition-transform" />
-                                  {t.copyConfig}
+                                  {tr('copyConfig')}
                                 </>
                               )}
                             </button>
                           ) : (
                             <button disabled className="w-full py-2.5 text-[10px] font-bold font-mono uppercase tracking-widest border border-zinc-800 bg-black text-zinc-700 cursor-not-allowed flex items-center justify-center gap-2">
                               <Shield size={12} />
-                              {t.hideConfig}
+                              {tr('hideConfig')}
                             </button>
                           )}
                         </div>
@@ -521,7 +441,7 @@ export function StrategyMarketPage() {
                 <div className="relative px-8 py-4 bg-black border border-zinc-800 hover:border-nofx-gold/50 flex items-center gap-4 transition-all">
                   <Hexagon className="text-nofx-gold animate-spin-slow" size={24} />
                   <div className="text-left">
-                    <div className="text-sm font-bold text-white uppercase tracking-wider group-hover:text-nofx-gold transition-colors">{t.shareYours}</div>
+                    <div className="text-sm font-bold text-white uppercase tracking-wider group-hover:text-nofx-gold transition-colors">{tr('shareYours')}</div>
                     <div className="text-[10px] text-zinc-500 font-mono">CONTRIBUTE TO THE GLOBAL DATABASE</div>
                   </div>
                   <div className="w-[1px] h-8 bg-zinc-800 mx-2"></div>

web/src/pages/StrategyStudioPage.tsx

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ import { PromptSectionsEditor } from '../components/strategy/PromptSectionsEdito
 import { PublishSettingsEditor } from '../components/strategy/PublishSettingsEditor'
 import { GridConfigEditor, defaultGridConfig } from '../components/strategy/GridConfigEditor'
 import { DeepVoidBackground } from '../components/common/DeepVoidBackground'
+import { t } from '../i18n/translations'
 
 const API_BASE = import.meta.env.VITE_API_BASE || ''
 
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
       })
       if (response.ok) {
         const data = await response.json()
-        // 后端返回的是数组，不是 { models: [] }
+        // Backend returns an array, not { models: [] }
         const allModels = Array.isArray(data) ? data : (data.models || [])
         const enabledModels = allModels.filter((m: AIModel) => m.enabled)
         setAiModels(enabledModels)
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
           Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
         },
         body: JSON.stringify({
-          name: language === 'zh' ? '新策略' : 'New Strategy',
+          name: tr('newStrategyName'),
           description: '',
           config: defaultConfig,
         }),
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
         const now = new Date().toISOString()
         const newStrategy = {
           id: result.id,
-          name: language === 'zh' ? '新策略' : 'New Strategy',
+          name: tr('newStrategyName'),
           description: '',
           is_active: false,
           is_default: false,
@@ -246,11 +247,11 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
     if (!token) return
 
     const confirmed = await confirmToast(
-      language === 'zh' ? '确定删除此策略？' : 'Delete this strategy?',
+      tr('confirmDeleteStrategy'),
       {
-        title: language === 'zh' ? '确认删除' : 'Confirm Delete',
+        title: tr('confirmDelete'),
-        okText: language === 'zh' ? '删除' : 'Delete',
+        okText: tr('delete'),
-        cancelText: language === 'zh' ? '取消' : 'Cancel',
+        cancelText: tr('cancel'),
       }
     )
     if (!confirmed) return
@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
         headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` },
       })
       if (!response.ok) throw new Error('Failed to delete strategy')
-      notify.success(language === 'zh' ? '策略已删除' : 'Strategy deleted')
+      notify.success(tr('strategyDeleted'))
       // Clear selection if deleted strategy was selected
       if (selectedStrategy?.id === id) {
         setSelectedStrategy(null)
@@ -287,7 +288,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
           Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
         },
         body: JSON.stringify({
-          name: language === 'zh' ? '策略副本' : 'Strategy Copy',
+          name: tr('strategyCopy'),
         }),
       })
       if (!response.ok) throw new Error('Failed to duplicate strategy')
@@ -330,7 +331,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
     a.click()
     document.body.removeChild(a)
     URL.revokeObjectURL(url)
-    notify.success(language === 'zh' ? '策略已导出' : 'Strategy exported')
+    notify.success(tr('strategyExported'))
   }
 
   // Import strategy from JSON file
@@ -344,7 +345,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
 
       // Validate imported data
       if (!importData.config || !importData.name) {
-        throw new Error(language === 'zh' ? '无效的策略文件' : 'Invalid strategy file')
+        throw new Error(tr('invalidStrategyFile'))
       }
 
       // Create new strategy with imported config
@@ -355,14 +356,14 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
           Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
         },
         body: JSON.stringify({
-          name: `${importData.name} (${language === 'zh' ? '导入' : 'Imported'})`,
+          name: `${importData.name} (${tr('imported')})`,
           description: importData.description || '',
           config: importData.config,
         }),
       })
       if (!response.ok) throw new Error('Failed to import strategy')
 
-      notify.success(language === 'zh' ? '策略已导入' : 'Strategy imported')
+      notify.success(tr('strategyImported'))
       await fetchStrategies()
     } catch (err) {
       const errorMsg = err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Unknown error'
@@ -402,7 +403,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
       )
       if (!response.ok) throw new Error('Failed to save strategy')
       setHasChanges(false)
-      notify.success(language === 'zh' ? '策略已保存' : 'Strategy saved')
+      notify.success(tr('strategySaved'))
       await fetchStrategies()
     } catch (err) {
       setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Unknown error')
@@ -482,51 +483,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
     }
   }
 
-  const t = (key: string) => {
+  const tr = (key: string) => t(`strategyStudio.${key}`, language)
-    const translations: Record<string, Record<string, string>> = {
-      strategyStudio: { zh: '策略工作室', en: 'Strategy Studio' },
-      subtitle: { zh: '可视化配置和测试交易策略', en: 'Configure and test trading strategies' },
-      strategies: { zh: '策略', en: 'Strategies' },
-      newStrategy: { zh: '新建', en: 'New' },
-      strategyType: { zh: '策略类型', en: 'Strategy Type' },
-      aiTrading: { zh: 'AI 智能交易', en: 'AI Trading' },
-      aiTradingDesc: { zh: 'AI 分析市场并自主决策买卖', en: 'AI analyzes market and makes trading decisions' },
-      gridTrading: { zh: 'AI 网格交易', en: 'AI Grid Trading' },
-      gridTradingDesc: { zh: 'AI 控制网格策略，在震荡市场获利', en: 'AI-controlled grid strategy for ranging markets' },
-      gridConfig: { zh: '网格配置', en: 'Grid Configuration' },
-      coinSource: { zh: '币种来源', en: 'Coin Source' },
-      indicators: { zh: '技术指标', en: 'Indicators' },
-      riskControl: { zh: '风控参数', en: 'Risk Control' },
-      promptSections: { zh: 'Prompt 编辑', en: 'Prompt Editor' },
-      customPrompt: { zh: '附加提示', en: 'Extra Prompt' },
-      save: { zh: '保存', en: 'Save' },
-      saving: { zh: '保存中...', en: 'Saving...' },
-      activate: { zh: '激活', en: 'Activate' },
-      active: { zh: '激活中', en: 'Active' },
-      default: { zh: '默认', en: 'Default' },
-      promptPreview: { zh: 'Prompt 预览', en: 'Prompt Preview' },
-      aiTestRun: { zh: 'AI 测试', en: 'AI Test' },
-      systemPrompt: { zh: 'System Prompt', en: 'System Prompt' },
-      userPrompt: { zh: 'User Prompt', en: 'User Prompt' },
-      loadPrompt: { zh: '生成 Prompt', en: 'Generate Prompt' },
-      refreshPrompt: { zh: '刷新', en: 'Refresh' },
-      promptVariant: { zh: '风格', en: 'Style' },
-      balanced: { zh: '平衡', en: 'Balanced' },
-      aggressive: { zh: '激进', en: 'Aggressive' },
-      conservative: { zh: '保守', en: 'Conservative' },
-      selectModel: { zh: '选择 AI 模型', en: 'Select AI Model' },
-      runTest: { zh: '运行 AI 测试', en: 'Run AI Test' },
-      running: { zh: '运行中...', en: 'Running...' },
-      aiOutput: { zh: 'AI 输出', en: 'AI Output' },
-      reasoning: { zh: '思维链', en: 'Reasoning' },
-      decisions: { zh: '决策', en: 'Decisions' },
-      duration: { zh: '耗时', en: 'Duration' },
-      noModel: { zh: '请先配置 AI 模型', en: 'Please configure AI model first' },
-      testNote: { zh: '使用真实 AI 模型测试，不执行交易', en: 'Test with real AI, no trading' },
-      publishSettings: { zh: '发布设置', en: 'Publish' },
-    }
-    return translations[key]?.[language] || key
-  }
 
   if (isLoading) {
     return (
@@ -550,7 +507,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
       key: 'gridConfig' as const,
       icon: Activity,
       color: '#0ECB81',
-      title: t('gridConfig'),
+      title: tr('gridConfig'),
       forStrategyType: 'grid_trading' as const,
       content: editingConfig?.grid_config && (
         <GridConfigEditor
@@ -566,7 +523,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
       key: 'coinSource' as const,
       icon: Target,
       color: '#F0B90B',
-      title: t('coinSource'),
+      title: tr('coinSource'),
       forStrategyType: 'ai_trading' as const,
       content: editingConfig && (
         <CoinSourceEditor
@@ -581,7 +538,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
       key: 'indicators' as const,
       icon: BarChart3,
       color: '#0ECB81',
-      title: t('indicators'),
+      title: tr('indicators'),
       forStrategyType: 'ai_trading' as const,
       content: editingConfig && (
         <IndicatorEditor
@@ -596,7 +553,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
       key: 'riskControl' as const,
       icon: Shield,
       color: '#F6465D',
-      title: t('riskControl'),
+      title: tr('riskControl'),
       forStrategyType: 'ai_trading' as const,
       content: editingConfig && (
         <RiskControlEditor
@@ -611,7 +568,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
       key: 'promptSections' as const,
       icon: FileText,
       color: '#a855f7',
-      title: t('promptSections'),
+      title: tr('promptSections'),
       forStrategyType: 'ai_trading' as const,
       content: editingConfig && (
         <PromptSectionsEditor
@@ -626,18 +583,18 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
       key: 'customPrompt' as const,
       icon: Settings,
       color: '#60a5fa',
-      title: t('customPrompt'),
+      title: tr('customPrompt'),
       forStrategyType: 'ai_trading' as const,
       content: editingConfig && (
         <div>
           <p className="text-xs mb-2" style={{ color: '#848E9C' }}>
-            {language === 'zh' ? '附加在 System Prompt 末尾的额外提示，用于补充个性化交易风格' : 'Extra prompt appended to System Prompt for personalized trading style'}
+            {tr('customPromptDesc')}
           </p>
           <textarea
             value={editingConfig.custom_prompt || ''}
             onChange={(e) => updateConfig('custom_prompt', e.target.value)}
             disabled={selectedStrategy?.is_default}
-            placeholder={language === 'zh' ? '输入自定义提示词...' : 'Enter custom prompt...'}
+            placeholder={tr('customPromptPlaceholder')}
             className="w-full h-32 px-3 py-2 rounded-lg resize-none font-mono text-xs"
             style={{ background: '#0B0E11', border: '1px solid #2B3139', color: '#EAECEF' }}
           />
@@ -648,7 +605,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
       key: 'publishSettings' as const,
       icon: Globe,
       color: '#0ECB81',
-      title: t('publishSettings'),
+      title: tr('publishSettings'),
       forStrategyType: 'both' as const,
       content: selectedStrategy && (
         <PublishSettingsEditor
@@ -683,8 +640,8 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
               <Sparkles className="w-5 h-5 text-black" />
             </div>
             <div>
-              <h1 className="text-lg font-bold text-nofx-text">{t('strategyStudio')}</h1>
+              <h1 className="text-lg font-bold text-nofx-text">{tr('strategyStudio')}</h1>
-              <p className="text-xs text-nofx-text-muted">{t('subtitle')}</p>
+              <p className="text-xs text-nofx-text-muted">{tr('subtitle')}</p>
             </div>
           </div>
           {error && (
@@ -702,10 +659,10 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
         <div className="w-48 flex-shrink-0 border-r border-nofx-gold/20 overflow-y-auto bg-nofx-bg/30 backdrop-blur-sm z-10">
           <div className="p-2">
             <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-2 px-2">
-              <span className="text-xs font-medium text-nofx-text-muted">{t('strategies')}</span>
+              <span className="text-xs font-medium text-nofx-text-muted">{tr('strategies')}</span>
               <div className="flex items-center gap-1">
                 {/* Import button with hidden file input */}
-                <label className="p-1 rounded hover:bg-white/10 transition-colors cursor-pointer text-nofx-text-muted hover:text-white" title={language === 'zh' ? '导入策略' : 'Import Strategy'}>
+                <label className="p-1 rounded hover:bg-white/10 transition-colors cursor-pointer text-nofx-text-muted hover:text-white" title={tr('importStrategy')}>
                   <Upload className="w-4 h-4" />
                   <input
                     type="file"
@@ -717,7 +674,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                 <button
                   onClick={handleCreateStrategy}
                   className="p-1 rounded hover:bg-white/10 transition-colors text-nofx-gold"
-                  title={language === 'zh' ? '新建策略' : 'New Strategy'}
+                  title={tr('newStrategyTooltip')}
                 >
                   <Plus className="w-4 h-4" />
                 </button>
@@ -745,7 +702,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                       <button
                         onClick={(e) => { e.stopPropagation(); handleExportStrategy(strategy) }}
                         className="p-1 rounded hover:bg-white/10 text-nofx-text-muted hover:text-white"
-                        title={language === 'zh' ? '导出' : 'Export'}
+                        title={tr('export')}
                       >
                         <Download className="w-3 h-3" />
                       </button>
@@ -754,14 +711,14 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                           <button
                             onClick={(e) => { e.stopPropagation(); handleDuplicateStrategy(strategy.id) }}
                             className="p-1 rounded hover:bg-white/10 text-nofx-text-muted hover:text-white"
-                            title={language === 'zh' ? '复制' : 'Duplicate'}
+                            title={tr('duplicate')}
                           >
                             <Copy className="w-3 h-3" />
                           </button>
                           <button
                             onClick={(e) => { e.stopPropagation(); handleDeleteStrategy(strategy.id) }}
                             className="p-1 rounded hover:bg-nofx-danger/20 text-nofx-danger"
-                            title={language === 'zh' ? '删除' : 'Delete'}
+                            title={tr('deleteTooltip')}
                           >
                             <Trash2 className="w-3 h-3" />
                           </button>
@@ -772,18 +729,18 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                   <div className="flex items-center gap-1 mt-1 flex-wrap">
                     {strategy.is_active && (
                       <span className="px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[10px] rounded bg-nofx-success/15 text-nofx-success">
-                        {t('active')}
+                        {tr('active')}
                       </span>
                     )}
                     {strategy.is_default && (
                       <span className="px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[10px] rounded bg-nofx-gold/15 text-nofx-gold">
-                        {t('default')}
+                        {tr('default')}
                       </span>
                     )}
                     {strategy.is_public && (
                       <span className="px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[10px] rounded flex items-center gap-0.5 bg-blue-400/15 text-blue-400">
                         <Globe className="w-2.5 h-2.5" />
-                        {language === 'zh' ? '公开' : 'Public'}
+                        {tr('public')}
                       </span>
                     )}
                   </div>
@@ -818,11 +775,11 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                       setHasChanges(true)
                     }}
                     disabled={selectedStrategy.is_default}
-                    placeholder={language === 'zh' ? '添加策略简介...' : 'Add strategy description...'}
+                    placeholder={tr('addDescription')}
                     className="text-xs bg-transparent border-none outline-none w-full text-nofx-text-muted placeholder-nofx-text-muted/50 mt-1"
                   />
                   {hasChanges && (
-                    <span className="text-xs text-nofx-gold">● {language === 'zh' ? '未保存' : 'Unsaved'}</span>
+                    <span className="text-xs text-nofx-gold">● {tr('unsaved')}</span>
                   )}
                 </div>
                 <div className="flex items-center gap-2 flex-shrink-0">
@@ -832,7 +789,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                       className="flex items-center gap-1 px-3 py-1.5 rounded-lg text-xs transition-colors bg-nofx-success/10 border border-nofx-success/30 text-nofx-success hover:bg-nofx-success/20"
                     >
                       <Check className="w-3 h-3" />
-                      {t('activate')}
+                      {tr('activate')}
                     </button>
                   )}
                   {!selectedStrategy.is_default && (
@@ -843,7 +800,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                         ${hasChanges ? 'bg-nofx-gold text-black hover:bg-yellow-500' : 'bg-nofx-bg-lighter text-nofx-text-muted cursor-not-allowed'}`}
                     >
                       <Save className="w-3 h-3" />
-                      {isSaving ? t('saving') : t('save')}
+                      {isSaving ? tr('saving') : tr('save')}
                     </button>
                   )}
                 </div>
@@ -854,7 +811,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                 <div className="mb-4 p-4 rounded-lg bg-nofx-bg-lighter border border-nofx-gold/20">
                   <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-3">
                     <Zap className="w-4 h-4" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
-                    <span className="text-sm font-medium text-nofx-text">{t('strategyType')}</span>
+                    <span className="text-sm font-medium text-nofx-text">{tr('strategyType')}</span>
                   </div>
                   <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-3">
                     <button
@@ -874,9 +831,9 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                     >
                       <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-1">
                         <Bot className="w-4 h-4" style={{ color: '#F0B90B' }} />
-                        <span className="text-sm font-medium text-nofx-text">{t('aiTrading')}</span>
+                        <span className="text-sm font-medium text-nofx-text">{tr('aiTrading')}</span>
                       </div>
-                      <p className="text-xs text-nofx-text-muted text-left">{t('aiTradingDesc')}</p>
+                      <p className="text-xs text-nofx-text-muted text-left">{tr('aiTradingDesc')}</p>
                     </button>
                     <button
                       onClick={() => {
@@ -897,9 +854,9 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                     >
                       <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-1">
                         <Activity className="w-4 h-4" style={{ color: '#0ECB81' }} />
-                        <span className="text-sm font-medium text-nofx-text">{t('gridTrading')}</span>
+                        <span className="text-sm font-medium text-nofx-text">{tr('gridTrading')}</span>
                       </div>
-                      <p className="text-xs text-nofx-text-muted text-left">{t('gridTradingDesc')}</p>
+                      <p className="text-xs text-nofx-text-muted text-left">{tr('gridTradingDesc')}</p>
                     </button>
                   </div>
                 </div>
@@ -940,7 +897,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
               <div className="text-center">
                 <Activity className="w-12 h-12 mx-auto mb-2 opacity-30 text-nofx-text-muted" />
                 <p className="text-sm text-nofx-text-muted">
-                  {language === 'zh' ? '选择或创建策略' : 'Select or create a strategy'}
+                  {tr('selectOrCreate')}
                 </p>
               </div>
             </div>
@@ -957,7 +914,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                 }`}
             >
               <Eye className="w-4 h-4" />
-              {t('promptPreview')}
+              {tr('promptPreview')}
             </button>
             <button
               onClick={() => setActiveRightTab('test')}
@@ -965,7 +922,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                 }`}
             >
               <Play className="w-4 h-4" />
-              {t('aiTestRun')}
+              {tr('aiTestRun')}
             </button>
           </div>
 
@@ -981,9 +938,9 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                     onChange={(e) => setSelectedVariant(e.target.value)}
                     className="px-2 py-1.5 rounded text-xs bg-nofx-bg border border-nofx-gold/20 text-nofx-text outline-none focus:border-nofx-gold"
                   >
-                    <option value="balanced">{t('balanced')}</option>
+                    <option value="balanced">{tr('balanced')}</option>
-                    <option value="aggressive">{t('aggressive')}</option>
+                    <option value="aggressive">{tr('aggressive')}</option>
-                    <option value="conservative">{t('conservative')}</option>
+                    <option value="conservative">{tr('conservative')}</option>
                   </select>
                   <button
                     onClick={fetchPromptPreview}
@@ -991,7 +948,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                     className="flex items-center gap-1.5 px-3 py-1.5 rounded text-xs font-medium transition-colors disabled:opacity-50 bg-purple-600 hover:bg-purple-700 text-white"
                   >
                     {isLoadingPrompt ? <Loader2 className="w-3 h-3 animate-spin" /> : <RefreshCw className="w-3 h-3" />}
-                    {promptPreview ? t('refreshPrompt') : t('loadPrompt')}
+                    {promptPreview ? tr('refreshPrompt') : tr('loadPrompt')}
                   </button>
                 </div>
 
@@ -1018,7 +975,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                       <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-1.5">
                         <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
                           <FileText className="w-3 h-3 text-purple-500" />
-                          <span className="text-xs font-medium text-nofx-text">{t('systemPrompt')}</span>
+                          <span className="text-xs font-medium text-nofx-text">{tr('systemPrompt')}</span>
                         </div>
                         <span className="text-[10px] px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-nofx-bg-lighter text-nofx-text-muted">
                           {promptPreview.system_prompt.length.toLocaleString()} chars
@@ -1035,7 +992,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                 ) : (
                   <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center py-12 text-nofx-text-muted">
                     <Eye className="w-10 h-10 mb-2 opacity-30" />
-                    <p className="text-sm">{language === 'zh' ? '点击生成 Prompt 预览' : 'Click to generate prompt preview'}</p>
+                    <p className="text-sm">{tr('generatePromptPreview')}</p>
                   </div>
                 )}
               </div>
@@ -1046,7 +1003,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                 <div className="space-y-2">
                   <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                     <Bot className="w-4 h-4 text-green-500" />
-                    <span className="text-xs font-medium text-nofx-text">{t('selectModel')}</span>
+                    <span className="text-xs font-medium text-nofx-text">{tr('selectModel')}</span>
                   </div>
                   {aiModels.length > 0 ? (
                     <select
@@ -1062,7 +1019,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                     </select>
                   ) : (
                     <div className="px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-sm bg-nofx-danger/10 text-nofx-danger">
-                      {t('noModel')}
+                      {tr('noModel')}
                     </div>
                   )}
 
@@ -1072,9 +1029,9 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                       onChange={(e) => setSelectedVariant(e.target.value)}
                       className="px-2 py-1.5 rounded text-xs bg-nofx-bg border border-nofx-gold/20 text-nofx-text"
                     >
-                      <option value="balanced">{t('balanced')}</option>
+                      <option value="balanced">{tr('balanced')}</option>
-                      <option value="aggressive">{t('aggressive')}</option>
+                      <option value="aggressive">{tr('aggressive')}</option>
-                      <option value="conservative">{t('conservative')}</option>
+                      <option value="conservative">{tr('conservative')}</option>
                     </select>
                     <button
                       onClick={runAiTest}
@@ -1084,17 +1041,17 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                       {isRunningAiTest ? (
                         <>
                           <Loader2 className="w-4 h-4 animate-spin" />
-                          {t('running')}
+                          {tr('running')}
                         </>
                       ) : (
                         <>
                           <Send className="w-4 h-4" />
-                          {t('runTest')}
+                          {tr('runTest')}
                         </>
                       )}
                     </button>
                   </div>
-                  <p className="text-[10px] text-nofx-text-muted">{t('testNote')}</p>
+                  <p className="text-[10px] text-nofx-text-muted">{tr('testNote')}</p>
                 </div>
 
                 {/* Test Results */}
@@ -1110,7 +1067,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                           <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                             <Clock className="w-3 h-3 text-nofx-text-muted" />
                             <span className="text-xs text-nofx-text-muted">
-                              {t('duration')}: {(aiTestResult.duration_ms / 1000).toFixed(2)}s
+                              {tr('duration')}: {(aiTestResult.duration_ms / 1000).toFixed(2)}s
                             </span>
                           </div>
                         )}
@@ -1120,7 +1077,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                           <div>
                             <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 mb-1.5">
                               <Terminal className="w-3 h-3 text-blue-400" />
-                              <span className="text-xs font-medium text-nofx-text">{t('userPrompt')} (Input)</span>
+                              <span className="text-xs font-medium text-nofx-text">{tr('userPrompt')} (Input)</span>
                             </div>
                             <pre
                               className="p-2 rounded-lg text-[10px] font-mono overflow-auto bg-nofx-bg border border-nofx-gold/20 text-nofx-text"
@@ -1136,7 +1093,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                           <div>
                             <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 mb-1.5">
                               <Sparkles className="w-3 h-3 text-nofx-gold" />
-                              <span className="text-xs font-medium text-nofx-text">{t('reasoning')}</span>
+                              <span className="text-xs font-medium text-nofx-text">{tr('reasoning')}</span>
                             </div>
                             <pre
                               className="p-2 rounded-lg text-[10px] font-mono overflow-auto whitespace-pre-wrap bg-nofx-bg border border-nofx-gold/30 text-nofx-text"
@@ -1152,7 +1109,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                           <div>
                             <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 mb-1.5">
                               <Activity className="w-3 h-3 text-green-500" />
-                              <span className="text-xs font-medium text-nofx-text">{t('decisions')}</span>
+                              <span className="text-xs font-medium text-nofx-text">{tr('decisions')}</span>
                             </div>
                             <pre
                               className="p-2 rounded-lg text-[10px] font-mono overflow-auto bg-nofx-bg border border-green-500/30 text-nofx-text"
@@ -1168,7 +1125,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                           <div>
                             <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 mb-1.5">
                               <FileText className="w-3 h-3 text-nofx-text-muted" />
-                              <span className="text-xs font-medium text-nofx-text">{t('aiOutput')} (Raw)</span>
+                              <span className="text-xs font-medium text-nofx-text">{tr('aiOutput')} (Raw)</span>
                             </div>
                             <pre
                               className="p-2 rounded-lg text-[10px] font-mono overflow-auto whitespace-pre-wrap bg-nofx-bg border border-nofx-gold/20 text-nofx-text"
@@ -1184,7 +1141,7 @@ export function StrategyStudioPage() {
                 ) : (
                   <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center py-12 text-nofx-text-muted">
                     <Play className="w-10 h-10 mb-2 opacity-30" />
-                    <p className="text-sm">{language === 'zh' ? '点击运行 AI 测试' : 'Click to run AI test'}</p>
+                    <p className="text-sm">{tr('runAiTestHint')}</p>
                   </div>
                 )}
               </div>

web/src/pages/TraderDashboardPage.tsx

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import type {
 
 // --- Helper Functions ---
 
-// 获取友好的AI模型名称
+// Get friendly AI model display name
 function getModelDisplayName(modelId: string): string {
     switch (modelId.toLowerCase()) {
         case 'deepseek':
@@ -189,19 +189,17 @@ export function TraderDashboardPage({
         }, 100)
     }
 
-    // 平仓操作
+    // Close position handler
     const handleClosePosition = async (symbol: string, side: string) => {
         if (!selectedTraderId) return
 
-        const confirmMsg =
+        const sideLabel = side === 'LONG' ? 'LONG' : 'SHORT'
-            language === 'zh'
+        const confirmMsg = t('traderDashboard.confirmClosePosition', language, { symbol, side: sideLabel })
-                ? `确定要平仓 ${symbol} ${side === 'LONG' ? '多仓' : '空仓'} 吗？`
-                : `Are you sure you want to close ${symbol} ${side === 'LONG' ? 'LONG' : 'SHORT'} position?`
 
         const confirmed = await confirmToast(confirmMsg, {
-            title: language === 'zh' ? '确认平仓' : 'Confirm Close',
+            title: t('traderDashboard.confirmClose', language),
-            okText: language === 'zh' ? '确认' : 'Confirm',
+            okText: t('traderDashboard.confirm', language),
-            cancelText: language === 'zh' ? '取消' : 'Cancel',
+            cancelText: t('traderDashboard.cancel', language),
         })
 
         if (!confirmed) return
@@ -209,10 +207,8 @@ export function TraderDashboardPage({
         setClosingPosition(symbol)
         try {
             await api.closePosition(selectedTraderId, symbol, side)
-            notify.success(
+            notify.success(t('traderDashboard.positionClosed', language))
-                language === 'zh' ? '平仓成功' : 'Position closed successfully'
+            // Use SWR mutate to refresh data instead of reloading page
-            )
-            // 使用 SWR mutate 刷新数据而非重新加载页面
             await Promise.all([
                 mutate(`positions-${selectedTraderId}`),
                 mutate(`account-${selectedTraderId}`),
@@ -221,9 +217,7 @@ export function TraderDashboardPage({
             const errorMsg =
                 err instanceof Error
                     ? err.message
-                    : language === 'zh'
+                    : t('traderDashboard.closeFailed', language)
-                        ? '平仓失败'
-                        : 'Failed to close position'
             notify.error(errorMsg)
         } finally {
             setClosingPosition(null)
@@ -257,18 +251,16 @@ export function TraderDashboardPage({
                         </svg>
                     </div>
                     <h2 className="text-2xl font-bold mb-3 text-nofx-text-main">
-                        {language === 'zh' ? '无法连接到服务器' : 'Connection Failed'}
+                        {t('traderDashboard.connectionFailed', language)}
                     </h2>
                     <p className="text-base mb-6 text-nofx-text-muted">
-                        {language === 'zh'
+                        {t('traderDashboard.connectionFailedDesc', language)}
-                            ? '请确认后端服务已启动。'
-                            : 'Please check if the backend service is running.'}
                     </p>
                     <button
                         onClick={() => window.location.reload()}
                         className="px-6 py-3 rounded-lg font-semibold transition-all hover:scale-105 active:scale-95 nofx-glass border border-nofx-gold/30 text-nofx-gold hover:bg-nofx-gold/10"
                     >
-                        {language === 'zh' ? '重试' : 'Retry'}
+                        {t('traderDashboard.retry', language)}
                     </button>
                 </div>
             </div>
@@ -414,12 +406,8 @@ export function TraderDashboardPage({
                                                 className="p-1 rounded hover:bg-white/10 transition-colors"
                                                 title={
                                                     showWalletAddress
-                                                        ? language === 'zh'
+                                                        ? t('traderDashboard.hideAddress', language)
-                                                            ? '隐藏地址'
+                                                        : t('traderDashboard.showFullAddress', language)
-                                                            : 'Hide address'
-                                                        : language === 'zh'
-                                                            ? '显示完整地址'
-                                                            : 'Show full address'
                                                 }
                                             >
                                                 {showWalletAddress ? (
@@ -432,7 +420,7 @@ export function TraderDashboardPage({
                                                 type="button"
                                                 onClick={handleCopyAddress}
                                                 className="p-1 rounded hover:bg-white/10 transition-colors"
-                                                title={language === 'zh' ? '复制地址' : 'Copy address'}
+                                                title={t('traderDashboard.copyAddress', language)}
                                             >
                                                 {copiedAddress ? (
                                                     <Check className="w-3.5 h-3.5 text-nofx-green" />
@@ -443,7 +431,7 @@ export function TraderDashboardPage({
                                         </>
                                     ) : (
                                         <span className="text-xs text-nofx-text-muted">
-                                            {language === 'zh' ? '未配置地址' : 'No address configured'}
+                                            {t('traderDashboard.noAddressConfigured', language)}
                                         </span>
                                     )}
                                 </div>
@@ -599,14 +587,14 @@ export function TraderDashboardPage({
                                                 <tr>
                                                     <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-left">{t('symbol', language)}</th>
                                                     <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-center">{t('side', language)}</th>
-                                                    <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-center">{language === 'zh' ? '操作' : 'Action'}</th>
+                                                    <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-center">{t('traderDashboard.action', language)}</th>
-                                                    <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-right hidden md:table-cell" title={t('entryPrice', language)}>{language === 'zh' ? '入场价' : 'Entry'}</th>
+                                                    <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-right hidden md:table-cell" title={t('entryPrice', language)}>{t('traderDashboard.entry', language)}</th>
-                                                    <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-right hidden md:table-cell" title={t('markPrice', language)}>{language === 'zh' ? '标记价' : 'Mark'}</th>
+                                                    <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-right hidden md:table-cell" title={t('markPrice', language)}>{t('traderDashboard.mark', language)}</th>
-                                                    <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-right" title={t('quantity', language)}>{language === 'zh' ? '数量' : 'Qty'}</th>
+                                                    <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-right" title={t('quantity', language)}>{t('traderDashboard.qty', language)}</th>
-                                                    <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-right hidden md:table-cell" title={t('positionValue', language)}>{language === 'zh' ? '价值' : 'Value'}</th>
+                                                    <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-right hidden md:table-cell" title={t('positionValue', language)}>{t('traderDashboard.value', language)}</th>
-                                                    <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-center hidden md:table-cell" title={t('leverage', language)}>{language === 'zh' ? '杠杆' : 'Lev.'}</th>
+                                                    <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-center hidden md:table-cell" title={t('leverage', language)}>{t('traderDashboard.lev', language)}</th>
-                                                    <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-right" title={t('unrealizedPnL', language)}>{language === 'zh' ? '未实现盈亏' : 'uPnL'}</th>
+                                                    <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-right" title={t('unrealizedPnL', language)}>{t('traderDashboard.uPnL', language)}</th>
-                                                    <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-right hidden md:table-cell" title={t('liqPrice', language)}>{language === 'zh' ? '强平价' : 'Liq.'}</th>
+                                                    <th className="px-1 pb-3 font-semibold text-nofx-text-muted whitespace-nowrap text-right hidden md:table-cell" title={t('liqPrice', language)}>{t('traderDashboard.liq', language)}</th>
                                                 </tr>
                                             </thead>
                                             <tbody>
@@ -644,14 +632,14 @@ export function TraderDashboardPage({
                                                                 }}
                                                                 disabled={closingPosition === pos.symbol}
                                                                 className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 px-2 py-1 rounded text-[10px] font-semibold transition-all hover:scale-105 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed mx-auto bg-nofx-red/10 text-nofx-red border border-nofx-red/30 hover:bg-nofx-red/20"
-                                                                title={language === 'zh' ? '平仓' : 'Close Position'}
+                                                                title={t('traderDashboard.closePosition', language)}
                                                             >
                                                                 {closingPosition === pos.symbol ? (
                                                                     <Loader2 className="w-3 h-3 animate-spin" />
                                                                 ) : (
                                                                     <LogOut className="w-3 h-3" />
                                                                 )}
-                                                                {language === 'zh' ? '平仓' : 'Close'}
+                                                                {t('traderDashboard.close', language)}
                                                             </button>
                                                         </td>
                                                         <td className="px-1 py-3 font-mono whitespace-nowrap text-right text-nofx-text-main hidden md:table-cell">{formatPrice(pos.entry_price)}</td>
@@ -678,13 +666,11 @@ export function TraderDashboardPage({
                                     {totalPositions > 10 && (
                                         <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-3 pt-4 mt-4 text-xs border-t border-white/5 text-nofx-text-muted">
                                             <span>
-                                                {language === 'zh'
+                                                {t('traderDashboard.showingPositions', language, { shown: paginatedPositions.length, total: totalPositions })}
-                                                    ? `显示 ${paginatedPositions.length} / ${totalPositions} 个持仓`
-                                                    : `Showing ${paginatedPositions.length} of ${totalPositions} positions`}
                                             </span>
                                             <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
                                                 <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-                                                    <span>{language === 'zh' ? '每页' : 'Per page'}:</span>
+                                                    <span>{t('traderDashboard.perPage', language)}:</span>
                                                     <select
                                                         value={positionsPageSize}
                                                         onChange={(e) => setPositionsPageSize(Number(e.target.value))}